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73 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Normal flora
It is a microorganism that establishes itself as a permanent residence on or in specific locations of your body and does hot usually cause disease in those locations, under normal conditions.
Opportunistic flora
Normal flora moved to an abnormal location resulting in disease.
Transient flora
Microorganism that is in a location on or in the body for a brief amount of time.
Development of normal flora in the human (origination)
Fetus is in a sterile location, birth occurs, vaginal birth baby is moved through normal flora, 8-12 hrs after birth infant will begin to develop normal flora.
By 1 year of age.
the adult like normal flora has developed in the infant.
Normal flora body sites:
-skin and contiguous mucous membranes. Ex. staphylococcus aureus and staphylococcus epidermis.

-External eye Ex. Staphylococcus aureus and staphylococcus epidermis.

-Upper respiratory, below the oral cavity. Ex. Staphylococcus aureus, staphylococcus epidermis, streptococcus pneumoniae.

-Mouth. ex. streptococcus mutans (cause tooth decay) streptococcus salivarius.

-GI tract, large intestine. Ex. Escherichia coli, lactobacillus.

-Outer opening of urethra. Ex. Staphylococcus aureus and staphylococcus epidermis.
Sterile sites:
-Heart and circulatory system
-liver
-kidneys and bladder
-lungs (lower respiratory system)
-brain and spinal cord
-muscles and bones
-ovaries and testies
-glands (salivary and pancreas)
-sinuses
-middle and inner ear
-internal eye
Sterile fluids
-blood
-urine
-cerebrospinal fluid
-saliva (prior to entering the oral cavity)
-semen and amniotic fluid
Symbiosis
a relationship between microorganisms and the host
3 types of symbiosis
mutualism, commensalism, and parasitism.
mutualism
benefit to the host and microorganism.
commensalism
one of the two (host or MO benefits.
opportunistic flora
is potentially pathogenic. Ex. Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus
compromised host
one who's immune system is impaired. Ex. patient with immunosuppressed disease, such as aids, patient receiving chemo, and burn victims.
parasitism
Microorganism will benefit but host will not, host will possibly be harmed resulting in death.
pathogenicity
spread of infection.
pathogen or pathogenic
disease causing organism.
pathology
study of disease.
etiology
study of cause of disease. Etiological agent is the cause.
pathogenesis
manner of development of disease.
epidemiology
study of the disease seeking probable cause.
infection
invasion by a pathogen.
disease
any change from general state of good health.
virulence
the degree of pathogenicity in regard to parasitism.
Highly virulent
Will usually cause disease. Disease such as Typhoid fever is caused by Salmonella typhi.
moderately virulent.
Sometimes will cause disease. Candidus albicus.
Avirulent
not or without disease. Does not generally cause disease. Lactobacillus.
Reservoirs
Where diseases originate. A natural host or habitat for a pathogen.
3 types of reservoirs.
Type 1 human, Type 2 animal, Type 3 nonliving.
Type 1
Human reservoir. There are multiple types of human reservoirs.
Symptomatic reservoir- signs and symptoms of disease are displayed. Ex. chicken pox
Asymptomatic reservoirs- aka asymptomatic carriers.
Someone that has recovered from the disease and they retain the organism in or on their bodies and they continue to shed that organism. Ex. Typhoid fever
Passive carriers- nosocomial infections, hospital acquired infection, any medical personnel can be a carrier.
3 most common nosocomial infections resulting in disease. 1. Urinary 2. Respiratory 3. Surgical incisions (post-op)
Type 2
Animal
Zoonoses- disease acquired from a wild or domesticated animals can be shared with humans. Ex. Rabies, influenza
Type 3
Nonliving- Clostridium tetani, lives in soil.
How organisms are transmitted from original host.
4 types of transmission:
1. contact: direct contact, indirect contact, droplet contact
Direct contact
from reservoir directly to new host. Ex. shaking hands
indirect contact
from reservoir to fomite (an inanimate object that can harbor or transfer a disease) to a new host. Ex. of fomites handtowels, cups, faucet, or soap dispenser.
droplet
removing from reservoir projecting into the air then new host, limitation to the projection in the air,less than 1 meter. Ex. the flu
2. Airborne
from the reservoir into the air, into the new host. Projection in the air is greater than 1 meter. Ex. tuberculosis and measles.
3. Vector
carrier (an animal that carries an infection) biological vector. Ex. bites, feces, and mosquitos.
4. common vehicle
blood. Any type of blood products.
Occurrence of the disease
incidence and prevalence.
Incidence
the percentage of the population infected In a particular location during a particular time period. Ex: (hypothetical) 57% of population in NY infected with Spanish flu.
prevalence
current stats. Ex. (hypothetical) the prevalence of the flu in OKC is 17%
Endemic
a native disease that prevails continuously in a geographic region. Ex. Lyme disease is native to Eastern Oklahoma.
Epidemic
Many people in a certain area having the disease. Ex. bubonic plague.
Pandemic
worldwide. Ex. influenza
acute
going to develop rapidly and lasts a short time. Ex. common cold.
chronic
develops slowly, lasts a long time, possibly a lifetime. Ex. leprosy incubation period approx. 10 years, tuberculosis
latent
dormant, inactive.
primary disease
one that develops in a healthy individual.
secondary disease
develops in someone that has an impaired immune system.
Pattern of development.
There are 5 periods of development of disease.
1. Period of incubation
interval between the time infection is received and the first symptoms of disease. Ex. Chicken pox 19-21 days.
2. Period of prodromal
display of mild symptoms. Ex. small rash on hand
3. Period of illness
manifest display. "fully developed" Ex. full body rash
4. Period of decline
decline of the symptoms, opportunity for secondary disease.
5. Period of convalescence
time when you can become an asymptomatic carrier with certain disease.
Portals of entry
very specific route by which a particular pathogen gains entrance to your body.
Specific routes (portal of entry)
mucous membranes and parenteral
mucous membranes
Most frequently used portal of entry is -Respiratory tract (Ex. common cold, flu, TB, measles)
-Gastrointestinal tract, through food and water contamination ( Ex. Food/ Hepatitis A, Typhoid fever, Water/Cholera, polio, dysentery)
-Genitourinary tract, STD's (Ex. Syphilis)
-Eyes
Parenteral
Portal of entry in regard to a bite, wound or injection. (Ex. rabies, MRSA, tetanus)
ID 50
Infectious dose that infects 50% of those exposed.
LD 50
Lethal dose that kills 50% of those exposed.
Cholera
will require 1 trillion cells to develop disease, can develop in flood or drought.
Q-fever
only requires 1 cell to cause disease and kill. Extremely virulent.
Local
remained in a specific location.
systemic
with out proper treatment local infection will go systemic. Entering body and entering different systems.
Bacteremia
Presence of bacteria in the blood.
Septicemia
Worse than bacteremia. Organism is reproducing in the blood, bacteria is thriving in the blood.
Toxemia
Toxin in the blood.
Viremia
virus in the blood.
How bacteria attaches to host.
Bacteria could attach by the use of capsule, common pili or fimbriae.
Points of attachment with a virus
Viral spikes
Points of attachment with multicellular parasites
hooks.