Unit 3 Biology Terms

Front 1

Protist

Back 1

A kingdom that has been abandoned although the term is still used to describe eukaryotes that are neither plants, animals nor fungi

Front 2

mixotroph

Back 2

an organism the can use photosynthetic or heterotrophic nutrition

Front 3

secondary endosymbiosis

Back 3

A process in eukaryotic evolution where a heterotrophic eukaryotic cell engulfed a photosynthetic eukaryotic cell, which survived in a symbiotic relationship inside the heterotrophic cell.

Front 4

Diplomonads

Back 4

a protist clade that is characterized by having two equal-sized nuclei and multiple flagella, as well as modified mitochondria

Front 5

Parabasalids

Back 5

a protist clade which indulde prostis called trichomonads, which have modified mitochondria.

Front 6

Kinetoplastids

Back 6

a Euglenozoan, that has a single, large mitochondrion that contains an organized mass of DNA called a kinetoplast. They are free-living prokaryotes that live in wet areas, although some are parasites that live in animals, plants or other protists.

Front 7

Euglenids

Back 7

a Euglenozoan that has a pocket at one end of the cell from which one or two flagella emerge. Also has a Paramylon, a glucose polymer that functions as a stroage molecule.

Front 8

Dinoflagellates

Back 8

An alveolate. abundant components of phytoplankton. Most are unicellular, some are colonial. They have a characteristic shape made by plates of cellulose. They also have two flagella located in perpendicular grooves along the cell.

Front 9

apicomplexans

Back 9

An alveolate. Parasitic, some which can cause human disease. The parasites spread through their host cell as tiny infectious cells called sporozoites.

Front 10

Ciliates

Back 10

An alveolate that are a large, varied group of protists named for their use of cilia to move and/or feed. The cell may be completely covered or only partially covered in the cilia. They contain two types of nuclei: large macronuclei and tiny micronuclei.

Front 11

sporozoites

Back 11

the parasites caused by apicomplexans that spread through their host as tiny infectious cells.

Front 12

conjugation

Back 12

a sexual process in which two individuals exchange haploid micronuclei

Front 13

Oomycetes

Back 13

a Stramenopile, that include water mods, white rusts and downy mildews. They have multinucleate filaments that resemble fungal filaments.

Front 14

Diatoms

Back 14

a Stramenopile that is unicellular algae that have unique glass-like walls made of hydrated silica embedded in an organic matrix.

Front 15

Golden Algae

Back 15

a Stramenopile, also called chrysophytes, and are named for their color, which resultes from their yello and brown carotenoids.

Front 16

Brown Algae

Back 16

A stramenopile also known as a phaeophyte. They are the largest and most complex algae. These include many of the species commonly called seaweeds.

Front 17

thallus

Back 17

refers to a seaweed body that is plant-like

Front 18

Holdfast

Back 18

rootlike structure on a typical seaweekdthallus that anchors the alga.

Front 19

stipe

Back 19

the stem of seaweed

Front 20

blades

Back 20

the "leaves" of seaweed

Front 21

alternation of generations

Back 21

the alternation of multicellular haploid and diploid forms

Front 22

heteromorphic

Back 22

a condition in the life cycle of all living plants and certain algae in which the sporophyte and gametophyte differ in morphology.

Front 23

isomorphic

Back 23

referring to alternating generations in plants and certain algae in which the sporophytes and gametophytes look alike, although they differ in chromosome number

Front 24

amoebas

Back 24

formally defined protists that move and feed by means of pseudopodia.

Front 25

pseudopodia

Back 25

extension that may bulge from virtually anywhere on the cell surface, and help the cell to move and feed

Front 26

Foraminiferans (forams)

Back 26

a type of Cercozoan, that are named for thier porous shells called tests.

Front 27

tests

Back 27

porous shells in forams that are generally multichambered and consist of organic material hardened with calcium carbonate.

Front 28

Radiolarians

Back 28

a type of Cercozoans, that are mostly marine protist whose tests are fused into one delicate piece, which is generally made of silica.

Front 29

Gymnamoebas

Back 29

constitute a large and varied group of amoebozoans. unicellular, live in soil and frestwater or marine environments. heterotrophs that seek and consume bacteria and other protists.

Front 30

Entamoebas

Back 30

all parasitic amoebozoans, they infect all classes of vertebrates as will as some invertebrates.

Front 31

Slime Molds

Back 31

also known as mycetozoans, were once thought to be fungi because they produce fruiting bodies that aid in spore dispersal.

Front 32

plasmodial slime molds

Back 32

brightly pigmented, usually yellow or orange. At one point in their life cycle they form plasmodium.

Front 33

plasmodium

Back 33

a mass that is formed by plasmodial slime molds. it is not multicellular, it is a single mass of cytoplasm that is undivided by membranes that contain many diploid nuclei. This is caused by mitotic nuclear divisions not followed by cytokinesis.

Front 34

Cellular slime molds

Back 34

a type of protist that has unicellular amoeboid cells and aggregated reproductive bodies in its life cycle. These form a mass similar to a plasmodial slime mold, but differ because the cells separatedby their membranes.

Front 35

Red Algae

Back 35

reddish, owing to an accessory pigment called phycoerythrin, which masks the green of the chlorophyll.

Front 36

Green Algae

Back 36

named for their grass-green cholorplasts.

Front 37

Rose-shaped complexes for cellulose synthesis

Back 37

one of the four key traits that land plants share with charophyceans. They are rose shaped arrays of proteins in the plasma membrane that synthesize the cellulose microfibrils of the cell walls.

Front 38

Peroxisome Enzymes

Back 38

One of the four key traits shared by land plants and charophyceans. The peroxisomes of both contain enzymes that help minimize the loss of organic products as a result of photorespiration.

Front 39

Flagellated Sperm

Back 39

One of the key traits shared by land plants and charophyceans. Both have a closely resembling sperm.

Front 40

Formation of Phragmoplast.

Back 40

One of the four key traits shared by land plants and charophyceans. During cell division phragmoplast forms, phragmoplast is an alignment of cytoskeletal elements and the Golgi-derived vesicles across the midline of the diving cell.

Front 41

sporopollenin

Back 41

a layer of durable polymer that prevents exposed zygotes from drying out

Front 42

apical meristem

Back 42

localized regions of cell division at the tips of shoots and roots that sustains growth in length through out the plants life.

Front 43

alternations of generations

Back 43

life cycle that alternate b/w two different multicellular bodies, with each form producing the others.

Front 44

Gametophyte

Back 44

haploid multicellular generation that produce gametes that fuse to form zygotes

Front 45

sporophyte

Back 45

diploid multicellular generation that produce spores

Front 46

spores

Back 46

meisis in a mature sporpphyte produces these haploid reprocutive cells that can develop into a new organism without fusing with another cell.

Front 47

sporangia

Back 47

multicellular organisms inside of the sporophyte that produce plant spores

Front 48

sporocytes

Back 48

spore mother cells, they are diploid cells that undergo meiosis and gerate the haploid spores

Front 49

gametangia

Back 49

the multicellular organs that produce gamets.

Front 50

archegonia

Back 50

female gametangia, each of which is a vase shapedorgan that produces a single egg retained within the base of the organ

Front 51

antheridia

Back 51

male gametangia, produce and release sperm into the environment

Front 52

cuticle

Back 52

the epidermis in many species has this as a cover, that consists of polymers called polyesters and waxes

Front 53

placental transfer cells

Back 53

The embryo has these specialized cells which enhance the transfer of nutrients from parent embryo thourhg elaborate ingrowth of the wall surface.

Front 54

embryophytes

Back 54

The multicellular dependent embryo of land plants is such a signicant derived trait that land plants are also known as this.

Front 55

vascular tissue

Back 55

cells joined into tubes that transport water and nutrients throughout the plant body

Front 56

bryophytes

Back 56

the name given to nonvascular plants.

Front 57

lycophytes

Back 57

a clade of seedless vascular plants that includes club mosses and their relatives.

Front 58

pterophytes

Back 58

a clade of seedless vascular plants that include ferns and their relatives.

Front 59

seed

Back 59

an embryo packaged with a supply of nutrients inside a protective coat

Front 60

Gymnosperms

Back 60

A group of Seed plants that have "naked seeds" These include primary conifers.

Front 61

Angiosperms

Back 61

a clade of seed plants that consists of all flowering plants. Seeds develop inside chambers called ovaries, which originate with flowers and mature into fruits

Front 62

Liverworts, hornworts, mosses

Back 62

three phyla of Bryophytes

Front 63

protonema

Back 63

a mass of green, branched, one-cell-thick filaments produced by germinating moss spores

Front 64

gametophore

Back 64

a gamete-producing structure that along with the protonema make up the body of a moss gametophyte

Front 65

rhizoids

Back 65

the gametophytes of mosses, liverworts and hornworts are anchored by these long, tubular single cells, or filametns of cells. These differ from roots because they do not play a primary role i water and mineral absorption.

Front 66

capsule

Back 66

another word for the sporangium in bryophytes

Front 67

foot

Back 67

part of the sporophyte that absorbs nutrients from the gametophyte

Front 68

seta

Back 68

part of the sporpyte of a bryophyte that conducts the nutrietnts that were absorbed by the foot to the sporangium

Front 69

calyptra

Back 69

an immature capsule this, which is a protective cap of gametophyte tissue, which is shed when the capsule is mature

Front 70

peristome

Back 70

ring of toothlike structures in most moss speicies that is along the upper part of the capsule. It is specialized for gradula spore discharge.

Front 71

peat

Back 71

extensive deposits of a partially decayed organic material. Boggy regions dominated by this moss are called peat bogs.

Front 72

xylem

Back 72

a type of vascular tissue that conducts most of the water and minerals.

Front 73

tracheids

Back 73

tuve-shaped cells in the xylem that carry water and minerals up from the roots

Front 74

phloem

Back 74

a vascular tissue that includes living sugar-conducting cells arranged into tuves that distribute sugars, amino acids and other organic products.

Front 75

roots

Back 75

are organs that anchor vascular plants and enable them to absorb water and nutrients from the soil. These also allow the shoot system to frow taller

Front 76

leaves

Back 76

organs that increase the surface area of vascular plants, therby capturing more solar energy for photosynthesis.

Front 77

microphylls

Back 77

a type of leaf that is found in all lycophyte. They are small usually spine-shaped leaves with a single vein.

Front 78

megaphylls

Back 78

almost all vascular plants excluding lycophytes have these leaves that have a highly branched vascular system

Front 79

sporophylls

Back 79

modified leaves that bear spornagia

Front 80

sori

Back 80

sporangia that are produced on fern sporphylls, usually found on the underside.

Front 81

strobili

Back 81

In many lycophytes and most gymnosperms groups of sporophylls form cones, technically called this

Front 82

homosporous

Back 82

having one type of sporophyll producing one type of spore that typically develops into a bisexual gametophyte. most seedless vascular plant speices are this.

Front 83

heterosporous

Back 83

a type of species that has two types of sporophylls and produces two kinds of spores. Megasporangia in megasporophylls produce megaspores, which develop into femal gamtophytes. Microsporangia in microsporophylls produce microspores, which develop into male gametophytes

Front 84

integuments

Back 84

layers of sporophyte tissues. they evnelop and protect the megasporangium in seed plants

Front 85

pollen grains

Back 85

microspores develop into these, which contain the male gametophytes of seed plants

Front 86

pollination

Back 86

the transfer of pollen to the part of a seed plant containing the ovules

Front 87

seed

Back 87

the whole ovule develops into this, which consists of the embryo, along with a food supply, packaged within a protective coat derived from the integuments.

Front 88

conifer

Back 88

one of the main types of gymnosperms, they are con-bearing plants.

Front 89

progymnosperms

Back 89

transitional special of seedless vascular plants

Front 90

flower

Back 90

an angiosperm structure specialized for sexual reporduction

Front 91

sepals

Back 91

located at the base of the flower, they are usually green and enclose the flower before it opens.

Front 92

petals

Back 92

above the sepasl, these are bright colored in most flowers and aid in attracting pollinators

Front 93

stamens

Back 93

the microsporophylls, they produce microspores that give rise to pollen grains containing male gametophytes

Front 94

filament

Back 94

the stalk of a stamen

Front 95

anther

Back 95

the terminal sac where pollen is produced, in the stamen

Front 96

Carpels

Back 96

the megasporophylls which make megaspores and their products, femal gametophytes. made up of the stigma, style and ovary

Front 97

stigma

Back 97

the top of a carpel that receives pollen

Front 98

style

Back 98

the stalk like structure of the carpel that leads down to the ovary.

Front 99

ovary

Back 99

the base of the carpel, which contains one or more ovules.

Front 100

receptacle

Back 100

where the whorls of floral organs (sepals, petals, stamens and carpels) are attrached to the stem

Front 101

pistil

Back 101

a single carpel or group of fused carpels is sometimes called this

Front 102

fruit

Back 102

typically consists of a mature ovary, although it can include other flower parts as well. As seeds develop from ovules after fertilization, the wall of the ovary thickens into this

Front 103

pericarp

Back 103

the thickened wall of the fruit

Front 104

embryo sac

Back 104

the female gametophyte that is in each ovule.

Front 105

cross-pollination

Back 105

the transfer of pollen from an anther of a flower on one plant to the stigma of a flower on another plant of the same species.

Front 106

micropyle

Back 106

a pore in the integuments of the ovule where a pollen tube penetrates to discharge the sperm to the female gametophyte

Front 107

double fertilization

Back 107

One sperm fuses with the egg, forming a diploid zygote, while another fuses with the two nuclei in the large cetral cell of the female gametophyte

Front 108

cotyledons

Back 108

the zygote develops into a sporophyte embryo with a rudimentary root and one or two seed leaves called this

Front 109

endosperm

Back 109

the nucleus of the central cel of the female gametophyte divides repeatedly and develops into this, which is tissue rich in starch and other food reserves

Front 110

monocots

Back 110

species of angiosperm with one cotyledon

Front 111

dicots

Back 111

species of angiosperm with two cotyledons

Front 112

eudicots

Back 112

"true dicots" in which the vast majority of species traditionally called dicots form this clade

Front 113

basal angiosperms

Back 113

some speicies traditionally called dicots are now divided into several small lineage. This is one of the linages. They appear to include the flowering plants belonging to the oldest lineages.

Front 114

monoliids

Back 114

another leneage of species traditionally calle didcots, evolved later than basal angiosperms.