Unit 3 Biological Anthropology

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paleoanthropology

Back 1

combines the disciplines of paleontology and physical anthropology, is the study of ancient humans as found in fossil hominid evidence such as petrifacted bones and footprints.

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derived traits

Back 2

-interelated and interconnected
-apply to past and present human species
-not exclusively human, but are expressed as a set to a greater degree in humans

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savanna hypothesis

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in order to remain effective in gathering food, the hominids had to travel relatively long distances with food or tools, thus making quadrupedalism extremely inefficient.

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savanna-woodland hypothesis

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a mosaic of woodland and grassland—that offered opportunities for feeding both on the ground and in the trees, and that ground feeding favored bipedalism.

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gallery forest hypothesis

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A forest along a river or stream.

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aquatic ape hypothesis

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suggested by Elaine Morgan, said that humans evolved in marshy swamp like conditions

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terrestrial

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moving around on the ground

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sexual division of labor

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sexual division of economical women gather and men hunt

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home bases

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location on the landscape to which people return

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living floor

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short period of human occupation. a few days or weeks and is not revisted

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bipedalism

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consistent, locked-knee, upright locomotion on two hind limbs

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quadrupedalism

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a form of land animal locomotion using four limbs or legs.

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cranial

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Of or relating to the skull or cranium.

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post cranial

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Consisting of the parts or structures behind the cranium

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ilium

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is the uppermost and largest bone of the pelvis. Significance of this bone is that the widening and shortening of this bone is what lead to bipedalism

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femur

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is the most proximal (closest to the body) bone of the leg in vertebrates capable of walking or jumping

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rib cage

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bareel shaped rib cage in humans more rounded and internal organs are lower in body cavity
(\ /)- Humans / | | \ - chimpanzees

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arm: leg ratio

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humans have much shorter arms in comparison with chimpanzees

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vertebral column

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s-shaped backbone,
perpendicular to base of skull,
foramen magnum centered under skull,
center of gravity under pelvis

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divergent toe

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chimpanzees have a divergent big toe that let them grasp. No divergent toe in humans lead to balance for bipedalism

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foramen magnum

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large hole in the base of the skull through which the medulla oblongata (an extension of the spinal cord) enters and exits the skull vault.

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primary tool

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are tools used as is or modified for use

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secondary tool

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are tools used to make other tools

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expedient tool

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are made for needs at hand (this is the tool used by chimpanzees)

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curated tool

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are made in advance of their need

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simple tool

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are made of one part

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complex (composite) tool

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are made of multiple parts, often involving hafting

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pre-adaptation

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describes a situation where an organism uses a preexisting anatomical structure inherited from an ancestor for a potentially unrelated purpose.

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manual dexterity

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skillful in the use of their hands

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prehensile

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is the quality of an appendage or organ that has adapted for grasping or holding.

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precision grip

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formed by pinching with the tips of their flexed forefingers and the thumb. This allows their hands to be used effectively for manipulating even tiny objects.

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power grip

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formed by the partial flexion of the fingers and the palm with counter force applied by the thumb.

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stereoscopic vision

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is the process in visual perception leading to the sensation of depth from the two slightly different projections of the world onto the retinas of the two eyes.

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osteodontokeratic culture

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an archaeological culture based upon tools made of bone, teeth, and hoary.

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core tool

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A stone tool consisting of a core that is flaked to produce a cutting edge or edges.

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flake tool

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is a type of stone tool created by striking a flake from a prepared stone core.

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blade tool

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A tool made from a single thin narrow flake detached from a core.

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Oldowan

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The ________ is the first known tool complex in prehistory. These are simplest known flaked tools. The oldest known of these tools are from Gona, Ethiopia

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Acheulian

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is the name given to an archaeological industry of stone tool manufacture associated with prehistoric hominins during the Lower Palaeolithic era across Africa and much of West Asia and Europe. _________ tools are typically found with Homo erectus remains.

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brain complexity

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refers to the nature of the neural connections and mental capabilities hard-wired in the brain

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brain size

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refers to the size of the brain measured in cubic centimeters (cc)

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abstract communication

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is the use of abstract symbols to convey information about emotions, objects, ideas, etc.

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language

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is the cognitive aspect of communication involving symbolic thinking and structured by grammar

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cortex

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is the seat of intelligence, language, sensory, and memory storage, reasoning, problem solving, self0awareness, and meta-cognition.

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neo cortex

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It is involved in higher functions such as sensory perception, generation of motor commands, spatial reasoning, conscious thought and, in humans, language.

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convolution

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number of ______ of the neo cortex is an indicator of brain complexity

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endocast

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is a cast made of the mold formed by the impression the brain makes on the inside of the neurocranium (braincase), providing a replica of the brain with most of the details of its outer surface.

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cranial capacity

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the amount of space available for a brain

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cubic centimeters

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used to mesure cranial capacity

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abstract communication

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is the use of abstract symbols to convey information about emotions, objects, and ideas

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language

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is the cognitive aspect of communication involving symbolic thinking structured by grammar

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speech

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is spoken language

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brain lateralization

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is the idea that the two halves of the brain's cerebral cortex -- left and right -- execute different functions

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Broca's area

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is a region of the brain responsible for speech production.

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wernicke's area

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is a region of the brain responsible for speech recognition

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larynx

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colloquially known as the voicebox, is an organ in the neck of mammals involved in protection of the trachea and sound production
positioned really low in humans giving them the ability to make a larger range of sound

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hypoglossal canals

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carry nerves from tongue to brain to control tongue movement

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hyoid bone

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bone to which tongue muscles attach

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hominid

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is any member of the biological family Hominidae (the "great apes"), including the extinct and extant humans, chimpanzees, gorillas, and orangutans

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australopithecine

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A. robustus which has massive teeth and boney ridges (sagittal and supramastoid crests), and the A. africanus which is a gracile form with smaller jaws and teeth. Their weight is estimated at 60-70 lbs. Both types are characterized by an ape-like cranium with a brain capacity of about 500 cc, which is about the size of a gorilla and about one third that of a human

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gracile australopithecine

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_______ australopithecines is divided into two subgroups: A. africanus and A. afarensis. Both were small in stature (1- 1.5 meters), had similar brain size (400- 500 ml), and rather light body structures. However, A. afarensis was more ape-like, as it predate A. africanus by 1.5 million years, or so.

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robust australopithecine

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The other form of australopithecine, _______, also has two subgroups: Australopithecus boiseiand Australopithecus robustus.Each was about the same height as the gracile variety, but was built much heavier. Both had relatively long arms, thick jaws, and similar teeth structures.

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adaptive radiation

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is a rapid evolutionary radiation characterized by an increase in the morphological and ecological diversity of a single, rapidly diversifying lineage

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sagittal crest

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a ridge of bone running lengthwise along the midline of the top of the skull (at the sagittal suture) of many mammalian and reptilian skulls, among others.

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prognathism

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is a term used to describe the positional relationship of the mandible and/or maxilla to the skeletal base where either of the jaws protrudes beyond a predetermined imaginary line in the sagittal plane of the skull.

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post orbital constriction

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the degree to which the cranial vault is pinched or constricted behind the eye orbits, which is most prominent among robust australopithecines

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anatomically modern human

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people with the same physical appearance and intelligence as ourselves who appeared in western Europe between 40,000 and 35,000 years ago, eventually replacing Neanderthal people there.

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Raymond Dart

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found an endocranial cast, and then its matching fossil skullpiece. examined this Taung Child fossil, as it came to be known, and pronounced it to be a new species, Australopithecus africanus.

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Louis Leakey

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father of anthropology big family of anthropologists

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Mary Leakey

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Laetoli she found footprints made in volcanic ash that showed early hominids walked upright 3.5 million years ago -- again, much earlier than had been thought.

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richard leakey

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Discovered Turkana Boy

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Donald Johanson

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Discovered lucy

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engene dubois

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In 1891, this person discovered remains of what he described as "a species in between humans and apes". He called his finds Pithecanthropus erectus ("ape-human which stood upright") or Java Man. Today, they are classified as Homo erectus ("human which stood upright").[1] These were the first specimens of early hominid remains to be found outside of Africa or Europe.

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meave leakey

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discovered older fossils than lucy that used bipedalism

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paranthropus

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former classification for Australopithecus robustus

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homo erectus

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is an extinct species of the genus Homo, believed to have been the first hominin to leave Africa.

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sahelanthropus tchadensis

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is a fossil ape that lived approximately 7 million years ago. It is sometimes claimed as the oldest known ancestor of Homo (humans)

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australopithecus afarensis

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laetoli, tanzania firest mandible found in 1950's. Lucy was a famous skeletal remain, 3 1/2 feet tall

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australopithecus africanus

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taung child type specimen. discovered by raymond dart Also Mrs. Pleas sterkfontein cave site in africa

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australopithecus gahri

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is a gracile australopithecine species whose fossils were discovered in 1996 by a research team

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homo habilis

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is arguably the first species of the Homo genus to appear.

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homo neandertalensis

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which lived from about 250,000 to 30,000 years ago, is the last species to diverge from the human line prior to the emergence of modern humans, and the last species of hominid to have gone extinct.

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homo floresiensis

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is a possible species in the genus Homo, remarkable for its small body and brain and for its survival until relatively recent times.

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homo sapiens

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current humans

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toros-Menalla, chad

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sahelanthropus tchadensis

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taung, south africa

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taung child

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laetoli, tanzania

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footprints

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hadar, ethiopia

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lucy

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olduvai gorge, tanzania

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deep gorge full to volcanic ash layers

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lake turkana, kenya

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turkana boy