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34 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Articles of Confederation |
* loose confederation that jealously guarded sovereignty of states
* wanted power in the hands of people, success in this sense * single legislative body, members elected annually by state legislature and each state had one vote no matter the size or population * congress did not have the power to tax, only able to ask for contributions from states * amendments to the Articles of Confederation had to be by unanimous consent, national government almost totally powerless * issues that most people were concerned about were the western lands, states staked claims, saw the land as source of income, the landless states were upset, and they will not approve the A of C until western lands ceded to national government. VA cedes their claims in 1781 * Maryland was the last to ratify on march 3 1781 |
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Land Ordinance of 1785 |
* survey land in 6 mile square units, divide it into 36 sections, section 16, int he middle for education, applied to pretty much all states west of the Appalachian Mountains
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Northwest Ordinance of 1787 |
* government structure of western land |
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Congress of 1780s |
* they didn’t meet regularly
* there wasn’t a set capital, Philly, Princeton, Annapolis, New York * states didn’t always send delegates because it cost money |
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Concerns with Congress of 1780s |
* People are pessimistic because the Articles of Confederation weren’t really working
* When the war was over, we start to trade with Great Britain in great quantities * People spend more than they have, as well as states * People thought if the government would have been stronger it wouldn’t have been this bad |
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Major Problems with Congress of 1780s |
* Congress did not have the authority to regulate trade
* Fiscal Instability, the paper money was not worth anything * Federal government and states are heavily in debt * Government creditors and soldiers had not been paid yet * They couldn’t fix it because they did not have the right to tax * Facing major economic issues |
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Jay-Gardougui Treaty |
* Effort to try to solve the problems
* We would give up right to navigate the Mississippi River for 25 years, so we could trade with Spain * New Englanders were okay with this, Southerners and Westerners were not okay with this |
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Shays's Rebellion |
* Massachusetts 1786 |
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Constitutional Convention |
* May 25th 1787 |
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Virginia Plan |
* Madison wrote it, Edmund Randolph Presents it on May 29th
* first elected by the people * second elected by the first by nominations from state assemblies * Representation in both houses based on population * Chief Executive elected by congress * Passed Easily |
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New Jersey Plan |
* Presented June 15 by William Paterson
* preserved the spirit of the articles of confederation * 1 house legislature with one vote * congress was given authority to tax and regulate trade * Defeated on June 19 |
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Great Compromise/Connecticut Compromise |
* Lower house based on population
* Upper house it is equal |
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3/5th Compromise |
* A slave was 3/5 of a person for representation and taxes
* South for representation not taxes * North for taxes not representation |
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International Slave Trade |
would not be abolished at least until 1808 |
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Foreign Policy |
* 2/3rds of senate had to approve a treaty
* South was scared the North would restrict southern trade |
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Compromises |
* chief is president
* elected by electoral college * number of electoral votes equal the representatives from each state house and senate * President given veto and right to nominate judges * Growing belief that the executive needed to be independent * Two house legislature * All money bills have to start in the House of Rep * Supreme Court * however many we need |
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Radification |
* For the constitution
* better prepare for debates * Washington was for it * Federalist Papers, Hamilton, John Jay, Madison * Pressured people to support it (New York City threatened to succeed) * Anti-federalists-against the constitution * Rhode Island 1790 |
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Issue with the Constitution |
* to protect the rights of individuals
* a lot of supports say vote for it and we will get that done * when congress met that was the first order of business * Madison presented Bill * 10 out of 12 get approved * December 1791 took effect, states ratified it |
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Washington |
* Popular, elected unanimously |
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Hamilton's proposed economic plan in 1790 |
two main provisions · Pay the federal debt 54 million dollars · part of it is foreign, part of it is domestic debt · don ’ t pay it off right away · issue new bonds that take over the old, and pay it off over time · Assumption · federal government should assume state debt from the war · 25 million dollars · Goals · reduce power of the states, strengthen national government · the US will be a good investment · Criticism · a lot of the national debt was not in the original hands — first criticism · some states had already started to pay off, it was not fair — second criticism · Debate in Congress · Agree to assumption · if the capital is on the Potomac River, more southern |
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National Bank 1791 |
Hamilton, wanted something like the Bank of England · His idea is that it will stabilize the economy · He thought the bank would issue currency that would be acceptable for federal taxes, which would maintain its value · produces protests · people thought it would develop a small class with lots of money that had all the power · There is nothing in the constitution to create a bank · Hamilton argued that they can print currency … . a bank can do that · First use of implied powers · Passed in February · Washington considered vetoing it on constitutional grounds · Hamilton convinced him that implied powers worked |
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John Jay's Treaty |
Washington sends John Jay to England, to try to avoid war · Four Goals · getting the British out of the NW territory · getting payment for the ships taken in the West Indies · improving commercial relations · accepting the American definition of Natural Rights · Hamilton secretly told the British that the US would compromise · results · Jay gets the treating in 1794 · Positives · They agree to pull out of the NW Territory · They stop their shut down of trade in the West Indies · Negatives · Refuse to talk about the issue of natural rights · they won ’ t do anything until the debts were paid · Jay salvaged peace, but some think he surrendered too much and it wouldn ’ t work · Washington didn ’ t like the treaty · submits it to the senate, it barely gets approved |
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Pinckney's Treaty |
with Spain · Success · opens the mouth of the MS river to American Trade · Americans merchants get the right of deposit at New Orleans, they wouldn ’ t have to pay import/export duty · settle the northern boundary of florida · Jay going to England scared the Spanish, to avoid the impact of an alliance between GB and US · They want to make sure they are on the good side of the US |
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Factions/Parties during the Adams Years |
start seeing party lines in Congress · it is a threat to stability · they thought their opponent was plotting to over throw the government · People believe that Americans lost their sense of common purpose · to be opposed was to be disloyal · It made a lot of suspicion and distrust · They both say that the other group needs to be destroyed · Newspapers · both sides establish papers · Gazette of the United States · John Feno · Federalists · National Gazette · Philip Freneau · Democratic-Republicans · they present rumor and opinion as fact · they are very one-sided · public officials are dragged through the rhetorical mud · Political Clubs · party attack party |
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1796 Election |
No one announces they are running until Washington steps down · Adams vs. Jefferson · Hamilton tries to interfere. He didn ’ t like Adams. · exploited the electoral college · encouraged the federalist to support the Vice president and then not vote for the President (only vote once) · when voting is done Adams was Pres. and Jefferson was Vice Pres. |
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Foreign Affairs Issues in 1796 |
French were not happy with the treaty · they try to influence the 1796 election · They seize american ships · makes Hamilton and the Federalists mad · Adams did not want to escalate the conflict into a war · sends a special commission to France · sent three men · Charles Pinckney · John Marshall · Elbridge Gerry · supposed to get compensation from the seized ships · supposed to end the treat of 1778 · they couldn ’ t get a negotiations unless Talleyrand got $250000 and millions in loans · they are furious · Pinckey and Marshall immediately leave |
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XYZ Affair |
Political explosion · refers to the three commissioners Pinckey … . met with in France, they don ’ t name them · Federalists want a war · they don ’ t use the army · they pass legislature to stifle the opposition |
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Alien and Sedition Act |
it uses federal authority to shut the Rep. up · part of it is fear · it sparks a big debate · first major crisis in American history over civil liberties · 4 Pieces of Legislation: Alien Enemies Act, Alien Law, Naturalization Act, Sedition Act turn the federal courts into a political tool · goal was to stifle oppositions, but it created more · Two Responses Fall of 1798 · Virginia Resolutions and Kentucky Resolutions · Madison wrote VA · Jefferson wrote KY · attacked the Acts as being unconstitutional · these resolutions were meant to be political propaganda. · the law didn ’ t apply to state legislature, only to individuals · there is an alternative to the federals |
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Alien Enemies Act |
dealt with war time · gave the president war time powers · when we were at war the pres could use his own authority to detain or deport anyone he thought was suspicious · it never took affect |
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Alien Law |
gave the president the authority to kick out any foreigner whenever it was necessary · limited to 2 years · a lot of frenchmen flee the country because they are scared |
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Naturalization Act |
foreigners had to live in the US and live on probation for 14 years before they could apply for citizenship · most of the recent immigrants voted republican, so they were trying to keep immigrants away |
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Sedition Act |
if it was fully carried out it would shut down free speech · defined criticism of the government as criminal libel · people could be fined or put in jail · carried out by the federal courts · it undermined the first amendment · 20 people got indicted · Matthew Lyon, Vermont · while in jail, gets reelected into the House of Rep |
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February of 1799 |
Adams sends a new rep to france to negotiate again · three end up going · it works! · They work out the Convention of Mortefontaine · it cancels the treaty of 1778 · we don ’ t get compensation for the seized ships · we end french restrictions on french trade · we wouldn ’ t have gotten Louisiana Purchase if it wasn ’ t for this |
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Election of 1800 |
Adams runs for reelection but does not win · Hamilton tries to sabatoge onces again · Jefferson and Burr were tied · went to House of Rep, which is controlled by the Fed · they get to choose a rep president · Hamilton doesn ’ t trust Burr · 12th amendment comes in because of that · Jefferson wins · innagurated in march of 1801 · it was the fulfillment of the principles of the revolution · peaceful transfer of power |
