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61 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
Sensation |
The process by which we receive information from our environment via the 5 senses |
5 senses |
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Sensory Receptors |
Specialized cells that detect sensory stimuli and convert them into neural impulses in a process called transduction |
Detect stimuli |
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Absolute Threshold |
The smallest amount of stimuli a person can reliably detect 50% of the time |
Detect |
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Difference Threshold |
The minimum change in stimulation that can be noticed 50% of the time |
Amount of change |
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Sensory Adaptation |
Diminishing sensitivity to an unchanging stimulus |
"Getting used to it" |
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Sclera |
Provides protection and structure |
White of the eye |
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Cornea |
Protects eye opening |
Transparent part over iris |
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Iris |
Regulates the size of the pupil |
Colored muscle |
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Lens |
Focuses image on the retina |
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Pupil |
Opening in the iris through which light enters |
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Retina |
Change light energy into electrochemical energy |
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Rods |
Peripheral vision and low light detection |
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Cones |
Detects color |
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Optic Nerve |
Transmits visual information to brain via thalamus to visual cortex in occipital lobes |
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Blind Spot |
Where the optic nerve leaves the eye; there are no receptor cells |
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Red Eye |
Undesirable effect in flash photography in which the camera flash causes people to appear to have red eyes due to the reflection of light on the retina |
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Tapetum |
Reflective layer at the back of the eye which prevents red eye |
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Young-Helmholtz Trichromatic Theory |
All colors are a blend of red, green, and blue |
Trichromat Dichromat Monochromat
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Trichromat |
Normal Vision |
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Dichromat |
Lack one of the types of cores, most common is red-green color blindness |
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Monochromat |
See only black and white |
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Opponent Process Theory |
3 sets of of opposite color processes, can see negative after image |
Red v. Green Yellow v. Blue Black v. White |
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Stroboscopic Effect (Wagon Wheel Effect) |
Occurs when eye perceives continuous motion represented by a series of smaller motions |
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Frequency |
The number of sound waves per second |
High or Low Pitch |
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Amplitude |
Size of sound waves |
Loudness/ Volume |
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Conduction Deafness |
damage to the middle ear; eardrum is damaged, or ossicles don’t vibrate properly |
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Nerve Deafness |
Damage to hair cells in inner ear or to the auditory nerve, caused by loud noises or by aging |
Ringing sensation after loud noise indicates damage to hair cells |
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Complexity |
Depends on how many frequencies of a note are heard at once |
Multiple frequencies = richer timbre/quality |
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Pheromones |
Same species odors, used as a form of chemical communication in animals |
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Andosterone |
A musky compound found in male sweat, attracts women |
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4 Basic Tastes |
Sour Bitter Sweet Salty |
Sometimes Umami (savory) |
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3 Other Factors Contributing to Taste |
Smell Texture Temperature |
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4 Basic Skin |
Pressure Pain Temperature (Cold/Warmth) |
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Gate-Control Theory |
Spinal cord contains a neurological "gate" that blocks pain signals or allows them to pass on to the brain |
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Kinesthesis |
Communicates information about movement and location of body parts |
Sometimes called proprioception/6th sense |
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Vestibular Sense |
Monitors body position and sense of balance |
Found in the inner ear |
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Gestalt Psychology |
We tend to see the whole and then break images into their parts |
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Figure and Ground |
Objects (figure) stand apart from their surroundings (ground) |
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Proximity |
Grouping things based on how near they are to each other |
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Similarity |
Grouping things that are similar to each other |
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Continuity |
Perceive a series of stimuli as a unified form when they appear to represent a continuous pattern |
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Closure |
Grouping disconnected pieces of info into a meaningful whole |
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Connectedness |
Perceive objects as belonging together when they are positioned/moving together |
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Perceptual Constancies |
The tendency to perceive size, shape, color, and brightness of an object as the same even when the image it casts on the retina changes |
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Shape constancy |
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Size Constancy |
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Color Constancy |
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Brightness Constancy |
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Binocular Cues |
Provided by both eyes |
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Retinal Disparity |
Each eye receives a slightly different image |
The closer the object, the greater the disparity |
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Convergence |
The closer an object comes, the more our eyes turn inward |
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Monocular Cues |
Provided by one eye |
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Relative Size |
When looking at 2 objects of the same size, the one that appears larger is closer |
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Interposition |
Objects that block our view of other objects are closer |
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Relative Clarity |
Nearer objects are less hazy |
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Texture Gradient |
Closer objects have more detailed texture, and are more blurred in the distance |
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Linear Perspective |
Convergence of parallel lines in the distance |
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Shadowing |
Darker on top or lighter on bottom gives the appearance of depth |
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Optical Illusions |
A visual that deceives the eye by appearing to be other than it is |
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