• Shuffle
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Alphabetize
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Front First
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Both Sides
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Read
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
Reading...
Front

Card Range To Study

through

image

Play button

image

Play button

image

Progress

1/61

Click to flip

Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;

Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;

H to show hint;

A reads text to speech;

61 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
  • 3rd side (hint)

Sensation

The process by which we receive information from our environment via the 5 senses

5 senses

Sensory Receptors

Specialized cells that detect sensory stimuli and convert them into neural impulses in a process called transduction

Detect stimuli

Absolute Threshold

The smallest amount of stimuli a person can reliably detect 50% of the time

Detect

Difference Threshold

The minimum change in stimulation that can be noticed 50% of the time

Amount of change

Sensory Adaptation

Diminishing sensitivity to an unchanging stimulus

"Getting used to it"

Sclera

Provides protection and structure

White of the eye

Cornea

Protects eye opening

Transparent part over iris

Iris

Regulates the size of the pupil

Colored muscle

Lens

Focuses image on the retina

Pupil

Opening in the iris through which light enters

Retina

Change light energy into electrochemical energy

Rods

Peripheral vision and low light detection

Cones

Detects color

Optic Nerve

Transmits visual information to brain via thalamus to visual cortex in occipital lobes

Blind Spot

Where the optic nerve leaves the eye; there are no receptor cells

Red Eye

Undesirable effect in flash photography in which the camera flash causes people to appear to have red eyes due to the reflection of light on the retina

Tapetum

Reflective layer at the back of the eye which prevents red eye

Young-Helmholtz Trichromatic Theory

All colors are a blend of red, green, and blue

Trichromat


Dichromat


Monochromat


Trichromat

Normal Vision

Dichromat

Lack one of the types of cores, most common is red-green color blindness

Monochromat

See only black and white

Opponent Process Theory

3 sets of of opposite color processes, can see negative after image

Red v. Green


Yellow v. Blue


Black v. White

Stroboscopic Effect (Wagon Wheel Effect)

Occurs when eye perceives continuous motion represented by a series of smaller motions

Frequency

The number of sound waves per second

High or Low Pitch

Amplitude

Size of sound waves

Loudness/ Volume

Conduction Deafness

damage to the middle ear; eardrum is damaged, or ossicles don’t vibrate properly

Nerve Deafness

Damage to hair cells in inner ear or to the auditory nerve, caused by loud noises or by aging

Ringing sensation after loud noise indicates damage to hair cells

Complexity

Depends on how many frequencies of a note are heard at once

Multiple frequencies = richer timbre/quality

Pheromones

Same species odors, used as a form of chemical communication in animals

Andosterone

A musky compound found in male sweat, attracts women

4 Basic Tastes

Sour


Bitter


Sweet


Salty

Sometimes Umami (savory)

3 Other Factors Contributing to Taste

Smell


Texture


Temperature

4 Basic Skin

Pressure


Pain


Temperature (Cold/Warmth)

Gate-Control Theory

Spinal cord contains a neurological "gate" that blocks pain signals or allows them to pass on to the brain

Kinesthesis

Communicates information about movement and location of body parts

Sometimes called proprioception/6th sense

Vestibular Sense

Monitors body position and sense of balance

Found in the inner ear

Gestalt Psychology

We tend to see the whole and then break images into their parts


Figure and Ground

Objects (figure) stand apart from their surroundings (ground)

Proximity

Grouping things based on how near they are to each other


Similarity

Grouping things that are similar to each other


Continuity

Perceive a series of stimuli as a unified form when they appear to represent a continuous pattern


Closure

Grouping disconnected pieces of info into a meaningful whole


Connectedness

Perceive objects as belonging together when they are positioned/moving together


Perceptual Constancies

The tendency to perceive size, shape, color, and brightness of an object as the same even when the image it casts on the retina changes

Shape constancy


Size Constancy


Color Constancy


Brightness Constancy


Binocular Cues

Provided by both eyes

Retinal Disparity

Each eye receives a slightly different image

The closer the object, the greater the disparity

Convergence

The closer an object comes, the more our eyes turn inward

Monocular Cues

Provided by one eye

Relative Size

When looking at 2 objects of the same size, the one that appears larger is closer

Interposition

Objects that block our view of other objects are closer

Relative Clarity

Nearer objects are less hazy

Texture Gradient

Closer objects have more detailed texture, and are more blurred in the distance

Linear Perspective

Convergence of parallel lines in the distance

Shadowing

Darker on top or lighter on bottom gives the appearance of depth

Optical Illusions

A visual that deceives the eye by appearing to be other than it is