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123 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
know how to label leaf
stroma thylakoid thylakoid space inner/outer membrane
p
Light Reaction Stage

energy conversion, water, releases, photo
solar energy converted to chemical energy causes water to split into oxygen and hydrogen which are stored by NADP+

simultaenoulsy light energy powers chemiosmosis which adds a phosphate group to ADP (ATP) - photophosphorylation
Calvin Cycle
CO2 incorporated from air into organic molecules within chloroplast (carbon fixation)

energy generated in light reaction stage converts CO - carbs
Visible Spectrum , wavelength/energy
ROY G BIV

Violet shortest highest energy
absorption spectra vs action spectrum
relative absorption of different wavelengths of light vs the rate of photosynthesis at different wavelengths of light

closely correlated, rate of photosynthesis (action) depends on absorption rate of light
Engleman?
used prism to shine different wavelengths on alga and aerobic bacteria to determine which segments released the most oxygen
a photosystem is composed of a protein called a _____ - _____ complex surrounded by several _____ - _______ complexes
reaction center, light harvesting
reaction center complex
houes a special (passes energy up) pair of chlorophyll A molecules and has a primary electron acceptor that becomes reduced
light harvesting complex
consist of various pigment molecules bound to proteins which allow a photo system to harvest light

- antenna for reaction center complex

- passes energy wave like down pigment molecules until chlorophyll A in reaction center
Primary electron acceptor
becomes reduced by accepting excited electron from chlorophyll A, then passes along excited electron to electron transport chain
Photosystem I vs II (wavelengths)
P 680 vs P 700
Source of electrons for linear electron flow?
water
As electrons fall between photosystem I and II, the cytochrome complex uses the energy to pump _____ ions which builds a _____ that is used by ____ to produce ______
hydrogen ; proton gradient; chemiosmosis; ATP
photosystem II excited electron is eventually used by NADP+ reductase to join ____ and ____ to form _____
NADP+ and H+; NADPH
________ is thought to be similar to the first forms of photosynthesis to evolve
cyclic electron flow
in cyclic electron there is no ____, ___ or _____
splitting of water; production of NADPH; release of O2
Chemiosmosis similar in photosynthesis and respiration
electron transport chain creates a proton gradient towards ATP synthase built into membrane
Differences in chemiosmosis in photosynthesis and respiration
light energy into chemical energy in ATP vs chemical energy from food to ATP

water as source of electrons, organic compound as source for electrons
three places where proton motive force is generated
water split by photosystem II
transfer of electrons to cytochrome
complex
light reactions store ____ _____ in ____ and ______, which shuttle the _____ to the ____ producing ______ ______
chemical energy NADPH and ATP, energy carbohydrate calvin cycle
carbohydrate produced directly from calvin cycle
G3P
each turn of calvin cycle fixes ____ of ____, therefore will take ____ turns to net one ______
one CO2 three G3P
Carbon fixation stage
CO2 attaches to ribulose biphosphate by Rubisco (enzyme).

produces an unstable 6 carbon sugar that breaks down into two molecules (per one CO2) of 3 phosphoglycerate(G3P)
enzyme responsible for protein fixation/possibly most abundant protein on earth?
Rubisco
in reduction stage, ____ will donate electrons to low energy 1,3 bisphosphoglycerate to form ____
NADPH, G3P
Carbons in Calvin Cycle?
15 in 3 RuBPs
3 CO2 enter (18)
One G3P produced
keeps turning
Net production of one G3P required ___ molecules of _____ and ___ molecules of _____
9 ATP 6 NADPH
c3 Plant?
first organic product is carbon 3 compound
photorespiration
stomata that allow cO2 in are closed off to conserve water;
less CO2 gets in rubisco begins to bond with oxygen which consumes instead of produces ATP; doesn't create a sugar and decreases photosynthetic output
The light reactions of photosynthesis supply the Calvin cycle with
ATP and NADPH
What is the sequence of electrons during photosynthesis?
H20 NADPH Calvin Cycle
in mechanism photophosphorylation is most similar to
oxidative phosphorylation in cellular respiration
how is photosynthesis similar in C4 plants and CAM plants
rubisco is not used to fix carbon initially
What process is most directly driven by light energy?
removal of electrons from chlorophyll molecules
Autotrophs vs Heterotrophs
autotrophs but not heterotrophs can nourish themselves beginning with CO2 and other nutrients that are inorganic
Doesn't occur during the calvin cycle?
release of oxygen
mendel's 1st concept
alternate versions of genes account for variations
mendel's 2nd concept
organisms inherit two alleles, one from each parent
mendel's 3rd concept
if two alleles at locus differ, dominant is expressed
mendel's 4th concept
two alleles separate during gamete formation

(law of segregation)
YyRr x YyRr Phenotypic Ratio?
9:3:3:1
incomplete vs codominance
incomplete = shared (red + white = pink)
condominance = both expressed (a and b antigens)
pleiotropy
most genes have more than one phenotypic expression
epistasis
a gene at one location alters the gene location at another
polygenetic inheritance
multiple genes for one trait each contribute a small amount (height, darkness of skin)
cystic fibrosis
recessive inherited, excess extracellular chloride builds up as mucus in lungs
sickle cell
recessive inherent, substitution of amino acid in hemoglobin protein, clog blood vessels
huntingtons disease
dominant inherited degenerative disease of the nervous system
achondroplasia
dominant inherited, form of dwarfism
character
a heritable feature that varies among individuals
test cross
a cross between an individual with an unknown genotype and a homozygous recessive individual
process by which gametes are produced?
fertilization
meiosis begins with cells that are ____ and daughter cells are formed that are _______
diploid, haploid
synapsis
homologs held together by proteins
crossing over
exchange of corresponding segments of DNA by nonsister chromatids
chiasmata
points where crossing over has occured and homologs still associated due to cohesion
how do arrangement of chromosomes differ from mitosis to meiosis?
surround metaphase plate instead of upon it
______ _____ in meiosis I, _______ in meiosis II
homologs separate, sister chromatids
what happens to chromosome number in meiosis
1/2 in each daughter cell
during which division is the chromosome number reduced
telophase I
what is the purpose of meiosis
create 4 haploid daughter cells
how many times does the cell divide in meiosis
3
how many times do the chromosomes duplicate
1
how many daughter cells are formed
4
what happens during synapsis
replicated homologs pair up and become connected
what is crossing over
genetic rearrangement between nonsister chromatids
what phase do synapsis and crossing over occur
prophase I
_______ ________ is dissambled and the two _____ pull slightly apart but _____ _______ _____ hold them slightly together
synaptonemal complex homologs sister chromatid cohesion
how does independent assortment of chromosomes increase diversity
50% of mother or father homolog being closer to a certain pole when division happens
how does crossing over increase diversity
chromosomes recombine at the synapses a few times per chromosome, thus getting different genes from both parents randomly together
how does random fertilization increase diversity
the sperm and zygote that connect are one of billions of each that are produced by the body
a human cell containing 22 autosomes and a y chromosome is
a sperm
which life cycle stage is found in plants but not animals
multicelular haploid
homologous chromosomes move towards opposite poles of a dividing cell during
meiosis I
meiosis II is similar to mitosis in that
sister chromatids separate during anaphase
if the DNA content of a diploid cell in the G1 phase of the cell cycle is x, then the DNA content of the same cell at metaphase of meiosis I would be:
2x
if dna content of a cell at metaphase of meiosis I is 2x, what would DNA content of a single cell at metaphase of meiosis II be
x
how many different combinations of maternal and paternal chromosomes can be packaged in gametes made by an organism with a diploid number of 8 (2n = 8)
16
pleiotropy
more genes hae more than one phenotypic expression, responsible for some diseases like cystic fibrosis/sickle cell
epistasis
a gene at one locus alters the phenotypic expression of a gene at a second locus
polygenic inheritance
numerous genes control a little bit (height)
cystic fibrosis
recessive inherent, extracellular chloride build up that sticks to lungs
sickle cell disease
recessive inherent, substitution of amino acid in hemoglobin protein, clogs blood vessels
achondroplasia
dominant inherited, form of dwarfism
huntington's disease
dominant inherited degenerative disease of the nervous system
amniocentesis vs chorionic villus sampling
chorionic villus is faster to analyze and can be done earlier, but cannot be used for tests requiring amniotic fluid
two components of chromosomes
dna and prtein
transformation
a change in geno/phenotype due to assimliation of external DNA by cell (griffith with pnemunia)
how does a bacteriophage destroy a bacterial cell
inserts DNA into cell which binds with proteins to create new phages, then cell lyses
role of rosalind rankling in discovery of double helix
took photo that allowd watson and crick to deduce model
pyramidine looks like? which bases?
hexagon - C & T & U
purine looks like? which bases?
pentagon + hexagon sharing side - A & G
rungs are composed of
nucleotides
backbone composed of
sugar phosphate
distance across molecule
2 nm
5' vs 3'
antiparellel (opposite directions, divided highway)
5' is terminal
3' is free
semiconservative model of replication
when a double helix replicates, each of the two daughter molecules will have one strand
leading vs lagging strands
leading strands leads way, goes with direction of replication continuously

lagging fills in behind segments piece by piece
okazaki fragments?
segments of lagging strand that synthesize discontinuously, bonded by DNA ligase (enzyme)
helicases
untwists and separates strands
single strand binding protein
holds DNA strands apart
primase
synthesizes RNA primer
DNA polymerases
adds dna nucleotides to new strand
topoisomerase
relieves strain cased by unwinding
DNA pol III
uses parental DNA, adds nucleotides to 3' end of pre existing DNA strand
DNA Ligase
joins fragments together
DNA pol 1
removes RNA primer and replaces with DNA
DNA polymerase in proofreading/repair
if incorrectly paired nucleotide, polymerase removes it and resumes synthesis (delete key)
nuclease
damaged STRAND cut out and replaced
ligase
seals the gap created by nuclease
repair enzymes
repair uv damage in skin cells
thymine dimer
a repair enzyme; if adjacent thymine bases become linked causes dna to buckle
telomere/telomere erosion
replicated nucleotide sequences at end of DNA that don't have genes so genes don't erode with end of sequence
telomerase
catalyzes lengthening of telomeres to make of for telomere erosion
heterochromatin vs euchromatin
irregular clumps vs "true" more dispersed
In his work with pneumonia causing bacteria and mice, Griffith found that
some substance from pathogenic cells was transferred to nonpathogenic cells, making them pathogenic
E Coli cells grown on 15N medium are transferred to 14N medium and allowed to grow for two more generations (2 rounds of DNA replication). DNA extracted from these cells is centrifuged. What density distribution of DNA would you expect in this experiment)
one low density, one intermediate density
A biochemist isolates and purifies molecules needed for DNA replication. When she adds some DNA, replication occurs, but each DNA molecules consists of a normal strand paired with numerous segments of DNA a few hundred nucleotides long. What has she probably left out of the mixture?
DNA ligase
What is the basis for the difference in how leading and lagging strands of DNA molecules are synthesized?
DNA polymerase can join new nucleotides only to the 3' end of the growing strand
In analyzing the number of different bases in a DNA sample, which result would be consistent with the base pairing rules?
A+G = C+T
The elongation of the leading strand during DNA synthesis
depends on the action of the DNA polymerase
The spontaneous loss of amino acid groups from adenine results in hypoxanthine, an uncommon base, opposite thymine in DNA. What combination of molecules could repair such damage?
nuclease, DNA polymerase, DNA ligase
In a nucleosome, the DNA is wraped around
histones