Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
123 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
know how to label leaf
stroma thylakoid thylakoid space inner/outer membrane |
p
|
|
Light Reaction Stage
energy conversion, water, releases, photo |
solar energy converted to chemical energy causes water to split into oxygen and hydrogen which are stored by NADP+
simultaenoulsy light energy powers chemiosmosis which adds a phosphate group to ADP (ATP) - photophosphorylation |
|
Calvin Cycle
|
CO2 incorporated from air into organic molecules within chloroplast (carbon fixation)
energy generated in light reaction stage converts CO - carbs |
|
Visible Spectrum , wavelength/energy
|
ROY G BIV
Violet shortest highest energy |
|
absorption spectra vs action spectrum
|
relative absorption of different wavelengths of light vs the rate of photosynthesis at different wavelengths of light
closely correlated, rate of photosynthesis (action) depends on absorption rate of light |
|
Engleman?
|
used prism to shine different wavelengths on alga and aerobic bacteria to determine which segments released the most oxygen
|
|
a photosystem is composed of a protein called a _____ - _____ complex surrounded by several _____ - _______ complexes
|
reaction center, light harvesting
|
|
reaction center complex
|
houes a special (passes energy up) pair of chlorophyll A molecules and has a primary electron acceptor that becomes reduced
|
|
light harvesting complex
|
consist of various pigment molecules bound to proteins which allow a photo system to harvest light
- antenna for reaction center complex - passes energy wave like down pigment molecules until chlorophyll A in reaction center |
|
Primary electron acceptor
|
becomes reduced by accepting excited electron from chlorophyll A, then passes along excited electron to electron transport chain
|
|
Photosystem I vs II (wavelengths)
|
P 680 vs P 700
|
|
Source of electrons for linear electron flow?
|
water
|
|
As electrons fall between photosystem I and II, the cytochrome complex uses the energy to pump _____ ions which builds a _____ that is used by ____ to produce ______
|
hydrogen ; proton gradient; chemiosmosis; ATP
|
|
photosystem II excited electron is eventually used by NADP+ reductase to join ____ and ____ to form _____
|
NADP+ and H+; NADPH
|
|
________ is thought to be similar to the first forms of photosynthesis to evolve
|
cyclic electron flow
|
|
in cyclic electron there is no ____, ___ or _____
|
splitting of water; production of NADPH; release of O2
|
|
Chemiosmosis similar in photosynthesis and respiration
|
electron transport chain creates a proton gradient towards ATP synthase built into membrane
|
|
Differences in chemiosmosis in photosynthesis and respiration
|
light energy into chemical energy in ATP vs chemical energy from food to ATP
water as source of electrons, organic compound as source for electrons |
|
three places where proton motive force is generated
|
water split by photosystem II
transfer of electrons to cytochrome complex |
|
light reactions store ____ _____ in ____ and ______, which shuttle the _____ to the ____ producing ______ ______
|
chemical energy NADPH and ATP, energy carbohydrate calvin cycle
|
|
carbohydrate produced directly from calvin cycle
|
G3P
|
|
each turn of calvin cycle fixes ____ of ____, therefore will take ____ turns to net one ______
|
one CO2 three G3P
|
|
Carbon fixation stage
|
CO2 attaches to ribulose biphosphate by Rubisco (enzyme).
produces an unstable 6 carbon sugar that breaks down into two molecules (per one CO2) of 3 phosphoglycerate(G3P) |
|
enzyme responsible for protein fixation/possibly most abundant protein on earth?
|
Rubisco
|
|
in reduction stage, ____ will donate electrons to low energy 1,3 bisphosphoglycerate to form ____
|
NADPH, G3P
|
|
Carbons in Calvin Cycle?
|
15 in 3 RuBPs
3 CO2 enter (18) One G3P produced keeps turning |
|
Net production of one G3P required ___ molecules of _____ and ___ molecules of _____
|
9 ATP 6 NADPH
|
|
c3 Plant?
|
first organic product is carbon 3 compound
|
|
photorespiration
|
stomata that allow cO2 in are closed off to conserve water;
less CO2 gets in rubisco begins to bond with oxygen which consumes instead of produces ATP; doesn't create a sugar and decreases photosynthetic output |
|
The light reactions of photosynthesis supply the Calvin cycle with
|
ATP and NADPH
|
|
What is the sequence of electrons during photosynthesis?
|
H20 NADPH Calvin Cycle
|
|
in mechanism photophosphorylation is most similar to
|
oxidative phosphorylation in cellular respiration
|
|
how is photosynthesis similar in C4 plants and CAM plants
|
rubisco is not used to fix carbon initially
|
|
What process is most directly driven by light energy?
|
removal of electrons from chlorophyll molecules
|
|
Autotrophs vs Heterotrophs
|
autotrophs but not heterotrophs can nourish themselves beginning with CO2 and other nutrients that are inorganic
|
|
Doesn't occur during the calvin cycle?
|
release of oxygen
|
|
mendel's 1st concept
|
alternate versions of genes account for variations
|
|
mendel's 2nd concept
|
organisms inherit two alleles, one from each parent
|
|
mendel's 3rd concept
|
if two alleles at locus differ, dominant is expressed
|
|
mendel's 4th concept
|
two alleles separate during gamete formation
(law of segregation) |
|
YyRr x YyRr Phenotypic Ratio?
|
9:3:3:1
|
|
incomplete vs codominance
|
incomplete = shared (red + white = pink)
condominance = both expressed (a and b antigens) |
|
pleiotropy
|
most genes have more than one phenotypic expression
|
|
epistasis
|
a gene at one location alters the gene location at another
|
|
polygenetic inheritance
|
multiple genes for one trait each contribute a small amount (height, darkness of skin)
|
|
cystic fibrosis
|
recessive inherited, excess extracellular chloride builds up as mucus in lungs
|
|
sickle cell
|
recessive inherent, substitution of amino acid in hemoglobin protein, clog blood vessels
|
|
huntingtons disease
|
dominant inherited degenerative disease of the nervous system
|
|
achondroplasia
|
dominant inherited, form of dwarfism
|
|
character
|
a heritable feature that varies among individuals
|
|
test cross
|
a cross between an individual with an unknown genotype and a homozygous recessive individual
|
|
process by which gametes are produced?
|
fertilization
|
|
meiosis begins with cells that are ____ and daughter cells are formed that are _______
|
diploid, haploid
|
|
synapsis
|
homologs held together by proteins
|
|
crossing over
|
exchange of corresponding segments of DNA by nonsister chromatids
|
|
chiasmata
|
points where crossing over has occured and homologs still associated due to cohesion
|
|
how do arrangement of chromosomes differ from mitosis to meiosis?
|
surround metaphase plate instead of upon it
|
|
______ _____ in meiosis I, _______ in meiosis II
|
homologs separate, sister chromatids
|
|
what happens to chromosome number in meiosis
|
1/2 in each daughter cell
|
|
during which division is the chromosome number reduced
|
telophase I
|
|
what is the purpose of meiosis
|
create 4 haploid daughter cells
|
|
how many times does the cell divide in meiosis
|
3
|
|
how many times do the chromosomes duplicate
|
1
|
|
how many daughter cells are formed
|
4
|
|
what happens during synapsis
|
replicated homologs pair up and become connected
|
|
what is crossing over
|
genetic rearrangement between nonsister chromatids
|
|
what phase do synapsis and crossing over occur
|
prophase I
|
|
_______ ________ is dissambled and the two _____ pull slightly apart but _____ _______ _____ hold them slightly together
|
synaptonemal complex homologs sister chromatid cohesion
|
|
how does independent assortment of chromosomes increase diversity
|
50% of mother or father homolog being closer to a certain pole when division happens
|
|
how does crossing over increase diversity
|
chromosomes recombine at the synapses a few times per chromosome, thus getting different genes from both parents randomly together
|
|
how does random fertilization increase diversity
|
the sperm and zygote that connect are one of billions of each that are produced by the body
|
|
a human cell containing 22 autosomes and a y chromosome is
|
a sperm
|
|
which life cycle stage is found in plants but not animals
|
multicelular haploid
|
|
homologous chromosomes move towards opposite poles of a dividing cell during
|
meiosis I
|
|
meiosis II is similar to mitosis in that
|
sister chromatids separate during anaphase
|
|
if the DNA content of a diploid cell in the G1 phase of the cell cycle is x, then the DNA content of the same cell at metaphase of meiosis I would be:
|
2x
|
|
if dna content of a cell at metaphase of meiosis I is 2x, what would DNA content of a single cell at metaphase of meiosis II be
|
x
|
|
how many different combinations of maternal and paternal chromosomes can be packaged in gametes made by an organism with a diploid number of 8 (2n = 8)
|
16
|
|
pleiotropy
|
more genes hae more than one phenotypic expression, responsible for some diseases like cystic fibrosis/sickle cell
|
|
epistasis
|
a gene at one locus alters the phenotypic expression of a gene at a second locus
|
|
polygenic inheritance
|
numerous genes control a little bit (height)
|
|
cystic fibrosis
|
recessive inherent, extracellular chloride build up that sticks to lungs
|
|
sickle cell disease
|
recessive inherent, substitution of amino acid in hemoglobin protein, clogs blood vessels
|
|
achondroplasia
|
dominant inherited, form of dwarfism
|
|
huntington's disease
|
dominant inherited degenerative disease of the nervous system
|
|
amniocentesis vs chorionic villus sampling
|
chorionic villus is faster to analyze and can be done earlier, but cannot be used for tests requiring amniotic fluid
|
|
two components of chromosomes
|
dna and prtein
|
|
transformation
|
a change in geno/phenotype due to assimliation of external DNA by cell (griffith with pnemunia)
|
|
how does a bacteriophage destroy a bacterial cell
|
inserts DNA into cell which binds with proteins to create new phages, then cell lyses
|
|
role of rosalind rankling in discovery of double helix
|
took photo that allowd watson and crick to deduce model
|
|
pyramidine looks like? which bases?
|
hexagon - C & T & U
|
|
purine looks like? which bases?
|
pentagon + hexagon sharing side - A & G
|
|
rungs are composed of
|
nucleotides
|
|
backbone composed of
|
sugar phosphate
|
|
distance across molecule
|
2 nm
|
|
5' vs 3'
|
antiparellel (opposite directions, divided highway)
5' is terminal 3' is free |
|
semiconservative model of replication
|
when a double helix replicates, each of the two daughter molecules will have one strand
|
|
leading vs lagging strands
|
leading strands leads way, goes with direction of replication continuously
lagging fills in behind segments piece by piece |
|
okazaki fragments?
|
segments of lagging strand that synthesize discontinuously, bonded by DNA ligase (enzyme)
|
|
helicases
|
untwists and separates strands
|
|
single strand binding protein
|
holds DNA strands apart
|
|
primase
|
synthesizes RNA primer
|
|
DNA polymerases
|
adds dna nucleotides to new strand
|
|
topoisomerase
|
relieves strain cased by unwinding
|
|
DNA pol III
|
uses parental DNA, adds nucleotides to 3' end of pre existing DNA strand
|
|
DNA Ligase
|
joins fragments together
|
|
DNA pol 1
|
removes RNA primer and replaces with DNA
|
|
DNA polymerase in proofreading/repair
|
if incorrectly paired nucleotide, polymerase removes it and resumes synthesis (delete key)
|
|
nuclease
|
damaged STRAND cut out and replaced
|
|
ligase
|
seals the gap created by nuclease
|
|
repair enzymes
|
repair uv damage in skin cells
|
|
thymine dimer
|
a repair enzyme; if adjacent thymine bases become linked causes dna to buckle
|
|
telomere/telomere erosion
|
replicated nucleotide sequences at end of DNA that don't have genes so genes don't erode with end of sequence
|
|
telomerase
|
catalyzes lengthening of telomeres to make of for telomere erosion
|
|
heterochromatin vs euchromatin
|
irregular clumps vs "true" more dispersed
|
|
In his work with pneumonia causing bacteria and mice, Griffith found that
|
some substance from pathogenic cells was transferred to nonpathogenic cells, making them pathogenic
|
|
E Coli cells grown on 15N medium are transferred to 14N medium and allowed to grow for two more generations (2 rounds of DNA replication). DNA extracted from these cells is centrifuged. What density distribution of DNA would you expect in this experiment)
|
one low density, one intermediate density
|
|
A biochemist isolates and purifies molecules needed for DNA replication. When she adds some DNA, replication occurs, but each DNA molecules consists of a normal strand paired with numerous segments of DNA a few hundred nucleotides long. What has she probably left out of the mixture?
|
DNA ligase
|
|
What is the basis for the difference in how leading and lagging strands of DNA molecules are synthesized?
|
DNA polymerase can join new nucleotides only to the 3' end of the growing strand
|
|
In analyzing the number of different bases in a DNA sample, which result would be consistent with the base pairing rules?
|
A+G = C+T
|
|
The elongation of the leading strand during DNA synthesis
|
depends on the action of the DNA polymerase
|
|
The spontaneous loss of amino acid groups from adenine results in hypoxanthine, an uncommon base, opposite thymine in DNA. What combination of molecules could repair such damage?
|
nuclease, DNA polymerase, DNA ligase
|
|
In a nucleosome, the DNA is wraped around
|
histones
|