Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
42 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
A patient presents with a soft tissue mass. Describe the likely clinical consequence.
|
Soft tissue masses are usually non-neoplastic and of little clinical consequence.
|
|
|
Name four examples of locally aggressive soft tissue masses that may cause significant morbidity and mortality
|
Fibromatosis, desmoid tumors, infiltrating lipomas, neurofibromas
|
|
|
If a patient is suspected to have head, neck, extremity, parameningeal, or pelvic tumor, what imaging study is best indicated?
|
MRI
|
|
|
What imaging method is best indicated for assessing cortical bone destruction, or for imaging regional nodes?
|
CT
|
|
|
Jimmy presents with a painless growing mass on his knee, and has no history of inflammation or trauma, is a tissue biopsy indicated?
|
Yes, tissue biposies are often essential in diagnosing painless growing masses without history of inflammation or trauma.
|
|
|
Timmy is diagnosed with a desmoid soft tissue mass. Would this be classified as benign of malignant?
|
Benign.
|
|
|
Chet sees his PCP for what appears to be a collection of pus that has accumulated in a cavity formed by the tissue in which the pus resides, due to an infectious process. This collection is called a/an what?
|
Abscess
|
|
|
Chet presents to his PCP with complaint of a mass in his abdomen. Upon investigation of the mass, it is found to be encapsulated, and upon microscopic examination the cells of the mass are found to resemble the cells of its surrounding tissue. Would this mass likely be classified as being benign or malignant?
|
Benign.
|
|
|
Dr. Reber is macroscopically observing a tumor, which appears to have ill-defined borders and has gross evidence of invasion into surrounding tissues and lymph nodes. This tumor would likely be classified as malignant or benign?
|
Malignant.
|
|
|
Dr. Osborn is microscopically observing a tissue sample from a soft tissue mass. The nuclei of the cells show variation in size and shape, compatible with a malignant tumor. This variation in nuclei size and shape is known as what?
|
Pleomorphism.
|
|
|
Dr. Francisco is microscopically observing a tissue sample from a soft tissue mass. The nuclei show a change to a darker shade than expected in normal tissue. This is known as what?
|
Hyperchromasia.
|
|
|
Dr. Donnaly is microscopically observing a tissue sample from a soft tissue mass. The nuclei appear to take up more space within the cytoplasm than a regular cell, compatible with a malignant tumor. This abnormality is know as what?
|
Increased nuclear:cytoplasm (N:C) ratio
|
|
|
Dr. Reber is microscopically examining cells of a mass, specifically looking at their stage in the cell cycle. If the mass is malignant, what stage is likely to be occuring at a greater rate?
|
Mitosis.
|
|
|
Describe the Kirby Bauer Test
|
discs impregnated with certain antimicrobial compounds of different concentrations are placed on a nutrient agar plate that has bacteria grown on it. The plates are incubated overnight to allow bacteria to grow and the antibiotic to diffuse into the agar forming a concentration gradient. If the organism is susceptible to the antimicrobial agent there will be a clear zone in the lawn surrounding the disk where bacterial growth is inhibited (Zone of Inhibition). This Zone of Inhibition (ZOI) is different for every organism and depends on when the MIC is reached.
|
|
|
Many malignant tumors have large central areas of ischemic necrosis. This is likely a result of what characteristic of a rapidly growing tumor?
|
Rapidly growing malignant tumors often outgrow their blood supply, and, as a result, result in large central areas of necrosis.
|
|
|
Johnny presents with what is suspected to be a severe gram (-) infection. An antibiotic that binds to the 30S ribosomal subunit is prescribed. What is the likely identity of the drug?
|
Gentamycin, kanamycin (Aminoglycosides). Tetracycline (doxycycline) may also be the identity.
|
|
|
Present in neosporin, what antibiotic is generally applied topically and interferes with G+ cell wall assembly, specifically the recycling of BPP?
|
Bacitracin.
|
|
|
Carlos is diagnosed with a G+ cocci. He is given clindamycin. What is this drug's mechanism of action?
|
Dr. Carlos prescribes a common antibiotic that targets transpeptidation in G+ and some G- bacteria. What is the likely identiy of the antibiotic, and what characteristic gives it its ability to penetrate the outer membrane of G- bacteria?
|
|
|
Tetracycline (doxycycline) is effective against both G+ and G- bacteria. What is tetracyclines mechanism of action?
|
binds to the 30S ribosomal subunit in both G- and G+ bacteria.
|
|
|
A patient presents with a pulmonary infection caused by mycoplasma strain. The patient is allergic to penicillin, what macrolide antibiotic normally used for G+ bacteria is likely to be prescribed, and what do macrolides generally bind to?
|
Erythromycin, the 50S subunit.
|
|
|
What is the mechanism of action for fluorquinolones?
|
Directly inhibit bacteral DNA synthesis by binding to both DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV.
|
|
|
Dr. Carlos prescribes a common antibiotic that targets transpeptidation in G+ and some G- bacteria. What is the likely identiy of the antibiotic, and what characteristic gives it its ability to penetrate the outer membrane of G- bacteria?
|
Ampicillin (penicillins), contains an amino group that allows penetration of the outer membrane of G- bacteria.
|
|
|
What must be present in bacteria to produce an acid fast positive stain?
|
mycolic acid.
|
|
|
Briefly describe the steps in Acid Fast Staining
|
smear on slide and heat fix, cover with Carbol fuchsin (red dye) while over steam, wash with water, apply acid alcohol de-stain, wash with water, counterstain with methylene blue, rinse with water and dry. Ta Duh!!!
|
|
|
List some common organisms that stain acid fast
|
All the mycobacteriums, nocardia, crytosporidium
|
|
|
Juan is suspected to have TB. What will be the likely way of diagnosing him with TB?
|
Positive skin test>chest x-ray>culture bacteria (can uses ESP culture for faster results)> acid fast stain of patients sputum, or PCR (gold standard)
|
|
|
How will Juan know when he can go back to work?
|
after a minimum of 3 negative sputum samples for acid fast bacteria he may return to work.
|
|
|
Can TB be multidrug resistant?
|
Yes, strains of MDR-TB are found in Mexico, Phillipines, Vietman, and the risk of spread to the US is a concern, due to difficulty in treating MDR disease.
|
|
|
What is currently/ has been done in the last 2 decades to control the incidenr of MDR and XDR-TB in th US?
|
Action Plan (1992) = fight domestic TB and XDR-TB. This has reduced MDR-TB in the US by 75%
|
|
|
Name some bacteria in which fluorescent labeling is commonly used for detection
|
Mycobacterium TB, Borrelia spp (lyme), HSV, Bartonella, Cryptosporidium parvum, Malaria, Fliariasis, Trichomonas vaginalis, chlamydia trachomatis.
|
|
|
Describe MIC and its importance
|
Minimal Inhibitory Concentration (MIC)= lowest concentration of an antimicrobial that will inhibit the visible growth of an organism after overnight incubation. Important in diagnostic labs because it can tell if an organism is resistance to certain antimicrobial agents and can monitor the activity of new antimicrobial agents.
|
|
|
Discuss the formation of the brachial plexus and the muscles innervated by each of its branches.
|
Since extremities develop as outgrowth of the ventral body wall, limb plexus are all derived from the ventral rami of spinal nerves. As we have seen in the spinal cord, the cervical enlargement relates to the spinal nerve segments C5-T1 (with possible contribution form C4).
|
|
|
What is a myotome?
|
An area of muscle innervated by one nerve root
|
|
|
Read the damn cadaver book
|
Roots, Trunks, Divisions, Cords, Branched
|
|
|
What spinal nerve segments make up the superior trunk of the brachial plexus?
|
C5-C6
|
|
|
What spinal nerve segments make up the middle trunk of the brachial plexus?
|
C7 only
|
|
|
What spinal nerve segments make up the lower trunk of the brachial plexus?
|
C8 and T1
|
|
|
Describe the relationship between anterior/posterior divisions and flexor/extensor innervation
|
Anterior are flexor divisions, Posterior are extensor divisions.
|
|
|
The Posterior Cord goes on to form what nerves?
|
Axillary, Radial
|
|
|
The Lateral Cord goes on to form what nerves?
|
Musculocutaneous, Median
|
|
|
The Medial Cord goes on to form what nerves?
|
Median, Ulnar, Radial
|
|
|
Don Juan is not able to contract his diaphragm, what nerve is likely damaged and what rami does it arise from?
|
The Phrenic Nerve is likely injured, and arises from the Ventral Primary Rami of C3, C4, and C5
|
