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38 Cards in this Set
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Proclamation of 1763 |
Proclamation issued by Britain that prevented settlers from settling west of the Appalachian Mountains, designed to protect Indians Very unpopular, colonists ignored proclamation |
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Taxation Without Representation |
Colonists angry that they had no say in whether the taxes should be passed or not |
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Sugar Act |
Issued in 1764 Tax on molasses Colonists ignored it and smuggled molasses anyway |
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Stamp Act |
Wills, diplomas, wedding papers, newspapers, almanac, cards, and dice all had to have a stamp which indicated the tax had been paid Britain never required Americans to pay this before Colonists boycotted British goods, threw rocks at British officials, and tarred and feathered the people who were trying to collect the tax October 1765- Nine colonies sent delegates to Stamp Act Congress in NYC; they wrote petitions to Parliament and King George III Act repealed in 1766 Parliament passed Declaratory Act which stated that Parliament had the right to raise taxes whenever it wanted to |
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Townshend Acts |
June 1767 - Townshend acts passed Named after Charles Townshend, official in charge of British treasury Taxed goods like glass, tea, lead, paper, and lead Customs officials allowed to search a ship's cargo without reason (writs of assistance) Colonists boycotted British goods, hung effigies of British officials, and formed the Sons of Liberty |
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Tea Act |
Let East India Company bypass tea merchants and sell directly to colonists Tea would cost less than before Americans angry; believed it violated right to free enterprise Colonists boycotted British tea |
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Intolerable Acts |
Passed by Britain after Boston Tea Party Boston Tea Party: Response to Tea Act 60 or so Bostonians disguised as Indians stormed British ships and dumped 342 chests of British tea in the Harbor First Act: Blockade of Boston Harbor closed until colonists paid for the destroyed tea Second Act: Town meetings could only be held once a year Juries selected by royal officials Needed governor's permission for meetings Third Act: British officials tried for major crimes would be tried in Britain instead of the colonies |
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Quartering Act(Fourth Act) |
Colonists would have to house redcoats in homes if no room was available outside |
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Committees of Correspondence |
Committees that wrote letters to other colonies telling of the news in Massachusetts |
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Boston Massacre |
Anger over taxes caused riot to begin on March 5, 1770 Crowd threw snow, shells, and ice Soldiers fired without orders Five people killed Paul Revere made famous anti-redcoat engraving John Adams defended redcoats Redcoats got away scot free |
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First Continental Congress |
Met in Philadelphia on September 1774 Decided to boycott British goods and requested that colonies train colonial militia |
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Battle of Lexington And Concord |
Took place on April 19, 1775 Redcoats searched Lexington for weapons Shot heard around the world(shot that began battle); no one knows who fired it At Concord, Brits forced to retreat Colonists' numbers grew as battle continued By the time Brits reached Boston, 73 of them were dead and 200 wounded or missing Beginning of War |
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2nd Continental Congress |
May 10, 1775 - Second Continental Congress started meeting Drafted Olive Branch Petition(see below) and made Washington commander of the Continental Army |
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Olive Branch Petition |
Last effort of colonists to avert war In petition, declared loyalty to king and asked him to repeal Intolerable Acts Ignored by King George III because he recieved the Petition in one hand and news of the Battle of Bunker Hill in the other Declared coloniststraitors |
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Causes of American Revolution |
1.) Proclamation of 1763 2.) Taxation w/o representation(Stamp Act, Tea Act, Townshend Acts) 3.) Boston Massacre 4.) Brit Response to Boston Tea Party 5.) Battle of L + C |
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Patriot Strengths and Weaknesses |
Strengths: Good shots Good leadership(George Washington) Fighting on home turf Fighting for homes and property Weaknesses: Poorly trained and organized Few cannons, no navy Most colonists fought as local militia Few willing to enlist for long periods of time |
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British Strengths and Weaknesses |
Strengths: Best army Best navy Hessians(German mercenaries) Loyalist supporters Weaknesses: 3000 miles from home Supplies took long time to go back and forth between Britain and America Vulnerable to country guerrilla attacks |
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Valley Forge |
Valley right outside Philadelphia Washington's Army stayed there from December 19, 1777, to June 19, 1778 Suffering: Many slept on cold ground Many got frostbite; limbs fell off Little supplies |
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Washington's Leadership |
Was able to turn rambling horde of recruits into trained army Won loyalty of troops Battle of Trenton: Crossed Delaware River on Christmas night to take Hessians by surprise Decisive American Victory Gave Americans huge morale boost |
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Battle of Bunker Hill |
Actually took place on Breed's HIll June 16,1775: Colonel Prescott led 1200 minutemen up Breed's Hill General Howe spotted Patriots, ferried redcoats to their position Two times the Brits retreated The third, Brits won Pyrrhic Victory for Brits: 1000 casualties, while Patriots only had 400 Proved that Patriots could hold their ground; showed that Brits were not an easy foe |
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Thomas Paine's Pamphlets |
Pamphlet "Common Sense" eloquently expressed argument for independence Best seller (at the time): 500,000 copies sold in six months Convinced many colonists that the time was right for independence Pamphlet series "American Crisis" urged Americans to keep fighting Convinced many soldiers to stay a little bit longer |
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Loyalists |
Colonists who remained loyal to Britain 1/3 of colonists were loyalists Were wealthy merchants and officials Tarred and feathered by Patriots Many fled to British-controlled territory Homes destroyed |
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British Strategy |
Capture major cities As a result, make colonists surrender |
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American Strategy |
Guerrilla warfare - hit and run Duck behind whatever you can Draw Brits into back country |
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Burgoyne's Plan |
Burgoyne would march from the north to Albany while Howe would march from the south Howe didn't play his part; jealousy towards Burgoyne may have played a part Crushed at Saratoga(see below) Why his Plan failed: Americans cut down trees and dammed streams Howe bailed Redcoats brought family and supplies with 8000 man army, making the journey take way longer Americans deliberately shot Brit Officers |
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Battle of Long Island |
Americans had no navy, 20,000 poorly trained troops British had large advantage: 44,000 trained men Decisive British Victory 1400 American casualties Washington with his men hurried north |
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Nathaniel Greene |
American general Used hit and run tactics to wear out British Never won any battles, but British were exhausted |
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Declaration of Independence |
Drawn up by John Adams, Robert Livingston, Roger Sherman, Thomas Jefferson, and Ben Franklin Chief among them: Thomas Jefferson 3 parts: 1.) Digression upon natural rights(human rights); if government don't protect natural rights, then the people can overthrow them 2.) Wrongs of Britain: embargos, taxes w/o representation, quartering redcoats 3.) Independence: declared that US was completely separate from Britain Adopted on July 4, 1776 |
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Battle of Saratoga |
Americans surrounded British Decisive American victory Convinced France to become allies of America Huge morale boost |
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Continental Currency |
Each state printed own currency Many types of currency Some states didn't accept other states' currency Not backed by anything |
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Inflation |
Increase and prices and decrease in currency value Usually caused by printing too much money |
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Charles Cornwallis / Battle of Yorktown
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Retreated to Yorktown Peninsula in 1781 Felt confident Brit ships could supply him French ships got there first; imposed blockade Siege lasted two weeks Surrendered Yorktown on October 19, 1781 |
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Foreign Assistance(nations) |
France provided money, supplies, and troops Spain provided money, and supplies Netherlands provided money |
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Marquis de Lafayette |
Low-ranking French nobleman who became important American general Arrived June, 1777; only 20 Brought trained soldiers to help One of Washington's most trusted friends Led French at Yorktown |
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Friedrich von Steuben |
Prussian ex-soldier Helped train Washington's rag-tag militia into effective fighting force |
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Thaddeus Kosciusko |
Polish officer Built forts and defenses |
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Casimir Pulaski |
Helped train cavalry Founder of modern American cavalry |
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Treaty of Paris (1783) |
1.) US recognized as independent country 2.) Loyalists guaranteed money for losses during war 3.) Spain got FL 4.) US got land to Mississippi 5.) Brits had to leave Ohio |
