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65 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
components of a muscle fiber (cell) |
1. Sarcolemma 2. Sarcoplasm 3. Sarcoplasmic reticulum |
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4 unique characteristics of muscle tissues |
1. Excitability 2. Contractility 3. Elasticity 4. Extensibility |
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each skeletal muscle is an independent organ that contains tissues from each category: ____, ______, _______, ________. |
epithelial, connective, muscular, nervous |
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describe skeletal muscle cells and nuclei |
striated, unbranched, multinucleate |
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why are skeletal muscle fibers multinucleate? |
provide instructions for repairing |
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functions of skeletal muscle tissue |
1. Body movement 2. Maintence of posture 3. Temperature regulation 4. Storage and movement of materials (blood) 5. Support for abdominal organs |
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blood flow in vein is regulated by _________ from ___________ and assisted by __________ called ___________ |
venous return; venous valves; muscle contractions; musculovenous pump |
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Skeletal Muscle composition |
1. Muscle 2. Fasicicles 3. Myofibrils 4. Myofilaments 5. Sarcomeres: thick and think filaments 6. Actin and myosin |
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layers of skeletal muscle connective tissue |
1. endomysium
2. perimysium: surround individual fascicles
3. epimysium: surrounds entire muscle
4. deep and superficial fascia: surrounds and seperates muscles |
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Types of muscle attachments |
1. Enthesis: point where tendon connects to a bone (point of pathology called Enthesopathy)
2. Aponeurosis: a wide flat tendon such as thoracolumbar fascia, iliotibial tract/bond
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is the insertion the distal or proximal end of a joint |
distal |
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motor neurons |
contraction begins with motor neuron impulses stimulates a muscle fiber by releasing a neurotransmiter onto surface |
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neuromuscular junction |
the location where a motor neuron comes into very close proximity to muscle fiber |
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parts of neuromuscular junction |
1. synaptic knob 2. synaptic vesicles 3. motor end plate 4. synaptic cleft |
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explain synaptic knob |
expanded end of an axon terminal |
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explain synaptic vesicles |
tiny membranes sacs filled with a neurotransmitter (usually ACh)` |
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Explain motor end plate |
part of the sarcolemma which meets synaptic knob |
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explain synaptic cleft |
the space between synaptic knob and motor end plate |
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what is a motor unit |
one motor neuron and the bundle of muscle cells its controls |
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hyperplasia
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increase in cell # |
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What does the ratio of skeletal muscle fiber types determine?
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muscles contraction speed and edurance
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Name types of fibers |
Slow, Intermediate, Fast |
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Explain slow twitch |
Type I, slow oxidative, red Highest endurance/recover quickly ex: Mastidor in jaw |
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Explain intermediate twitch |
Type IIa, fast aerobic, light red |
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Explain fast twitch |
Type IIb, fast aerobic, white Lowest endurance/quickest to cramp ex: chicken breast vs. duck breast |
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muscle fibers are associated in different fascicle patterns: give names and examples |
1. Circular 2. Parallel 3. Convergent 4. Pennate (feather)
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Types of pennate muscles |
1. Unipennate: plantar interossei 2. Bipennate: rectus femoris 3. Multipennate: soleus, deltoid |
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muscles are named based on their: |
1. Appearance 2. Location 3. Function/action 4. Origin and insertion 5. Orientation 6. Unusual features |
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Anatomical Levers are |
a lever is a long, rigid object that move around a fixed point called a fulcrum |
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What differs between the 3 classes of anatomical levers |
What is in middle of lever
1st Class: fulcrum between resistance & effort 2nd Class: resistance is between fulcrum & effort 3rd Class: effort is between resistance & fulcrum |
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examples of the classes of anatomical levers |
1st: head on neck, triceps 2nd: ankle 3rd: elbow, knee, jaw joint (most common) |
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bones of lower limbs |
30 bones: 1 femur 1 patella 1 tibia and 1 fibula 7 tarsals 5 metatarsals 14 phalanges
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How are Tibia and Fibula connected to each other? |
By syndesmosis and ligaments (flat sheet of synarthrosis) |
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distal ends of tibia and fibula articulate with _______ |
Talus (a superior tarsal bone of the ankle) |
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Intrinsic muscles of the dorsal foot |
Extensor hallucis brevis M Extensor digitorum brevis M |
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The plantar foot muscles are supported by |
plantar aponeurosis |
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First layer of plantar foot muscles |
Flexor digitorum brevis M Abductor hallucis M Abductor digiti minimi M |
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Second layer of foot muscles and what their action is |
Flexion:
Quadratus plantae Lumbricals |
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Third layer of foot muscles |
Adductor hallucis M Flexor digiti minimi M Flexor hallucis M |
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Tarsal bones |
1. calcaneus 2. Talus 3. Navicular 4. Cuboid 5. Medial cuneiform 6. Intermediate cuneiform 7. Lateral cuneiform |
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3 arches of the foot |
1. Medial longitudinal arch: from heel to base of great toe 2. Lateral longitudinal arch: from heel to base of digit 5, not as high as medial arch 3. Transverse arch: perpendicular to long arches |
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how are longitudinal arches maintained |
plantar ligaments and aponeurosis |
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How is the leg compartmentalized |
by deep fascia 1. Thigh: fascia lata 2. Leg: crural fascia
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Retinaculum |
a band of dense fibrous connective tissue that holds sliding tendons in correct position |
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Dorsal retinaculum & Medial retinaculum |
1. Superior & inferior extensor retinaculum 2. Flexor retinaculum |
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What action do the muscles of the anterior thigh do? |
flex thigh/hip |
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What are the muscles of anterior thigh and specific action |
1. Iliopsoas 2. Sartorius 3. Quadriceps Femoris MM 4. Rectus Femoris 5. Vastus medialis 6. Vastus lateralis 7. Vastus Intermedius |
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Actions of muscles of medial thigh |
Adduct thigh |
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What are the muscles of medial thigh and parts? |
1. Gracilis 2. Adductor magnus 3. Adductor longus 4. Adductor brevis 5. Pectineus |
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Muscles of lateral thigh and actions of them |
1. Tensor fascia latae M: abduct & medially rotates thigh 2. Iliotibial tract: aponeurosis |
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Actions of muscles of posterior thigh |
Extend thigh Flex leg at the knee |
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Where does posterior muscles attach to? |
Attaches to Iliotuberosity and passes knee/hip joint |
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Muscles of posterior thigh |
1. Biceps Femoris 2. Semitendinosus 3. Semimembranosus |
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Muscles that move ankle, foot, and toes are called |
Crural MM |
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What are the actions of Anterior leg muscles |
dorsiflex (extend) foot and toes |
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what nerves innervates anterior leg |
Deep Fibular N |
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Muscles of anterior leg and specific actions |
1. Tibialis Anterior 2. Extensor Hallucis Longus 3. Extensor digitorum longus 4. Fibularis tertius |
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What are the actions of lateral leg muscles |
Everts foot |
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what nerves innervates lateral leg |
Superficial fibular N (and then the N innervates skin) |
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Muscles of lateral leg |
1. Fibularis longus 2. Fibularis brevis |
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5 lower limb joints and purpose of each |
1. Tibiofemoral 2. Patellofemoral 3. Medial and lateral collateral LL 4. Cruciate LL 5. Medial & lateral menisci |
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Actions of muscles of posterior leg |
Plantar flex the foot at ankle |
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Muscles of posterior leg |
1. Triceps Surae 2. Gastrocnemius 3. Soleus 4. Plantaris 5. Flexor digitorum longus 6. Flexor hallucis longus 7. Tibialis posterior 8. Poplieus M |
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How are the Flexor longus MM and Tibialis posterior attached? |
onto syndesmosis |
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Vestigal features in humans |
1. Vermiform appendix 2. Wisdom teeth 3. Coccyx 4. Ribs 11&12 5. Extrinsic ear muscles 6. Arrector pili muscles and their hairs 7. Plica semilunaris of the eye |