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65 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back

components of a muscle fiber (cell)

1. Sarcolemma


2. Sarcoplasm


3. Sarcoplasmic reticulum

4 unique characteristics of muscle tissues

1. Excitability


2. Contractility


3. Elasticity


4. Extensibility

each skeletal muscle is an independent organ that contains tissues from each category: ____, ______, _______, ________.

epithelial, connective, muscular, nervous

describe skeletal muscle cells and nuclei

striated, unbranched, multinucleate

why are skeletal muscle fibers multinucleate?

provide instructions for repairing

functions of skeletal muscle tissue

1. Body movement


2. Maintence of posture


3. Temperature regulation


4. Storage and movement of materials (blood)


5. Support for abdominal organs

blood flow in vein is regulated by _________ from ___________ and assisted by __________ called ___________

venous return;


venous valves;


muscle contractions;


musculovenous pump

Skeletal Muscle composition

1. Muscle


2. Fasicicles


3. Myofibrils


4. Myofilaments


5. Sarcomeres: thick and think filaments


6. Actin and myosin

layers of skeletal muscle connective tissue

1. endomysium



2. perimysium: surround individual fascicles



3. epimysium: surrounds entire muscle



4. deep and superficial fascia: surrounds and seperates muscles

Types of muscle attachments

1. Enthesis: point where tendon connects to a bone (point of pathology called Enthesopathy)



2. Aponeurosis: a wide flat tendon such as thoracolumbar fascia, iliotibial tract/bond


is the insertion the distal or proximal end of a joint

distal

motor neurons

contraction begins with motor neuron impulses stimulates a muscle fiber by releasing a neurotransmiter onto surface

neuromuscular junction

the location where a motor neuron comes into very close proximity to muscle fiber

parts of neuromuscular junction

1. synaptic knob


2. synaptic vesicles


3. motor end plate


4. synaptic cleft

explain synaptic knob

expanded end of an axon terminal

explain synaptic vesicles

tiny membranes sacs filled with a neurotransmitter (usually ACh)`

Explain motor end plate

part of the sarcolemma which meets synaptic knob

explain synaptic cleft

the space between synaptic knob and motor end plate

what is a motor unit

one motor neuron and the bundle of muscle cells its controls

hyperplasia

increase in cell #

What does the ratio of skeletal muscle fiber types determine?
muscles contraction speed and edurance

Name types of fibers

Slow, Intermediate, Fast

Explain slow twitch

Type I, slow oxidative, red


Highest endurance/recover quickly


ex: Mastidor in jaw

Explain intermediate twitch

Type IIa, fast aerobic, light red

Explain fast twitch

Type IIb, fast aerobic, white


Lowest endurance/quickest to cramp


ex: chicken breast vs. duck breast

muscle fibers are associated in different fascicle patterns: give names and examples

1. Circular


2. Parallel


3. Convergent


4. Pennate (feather)


Types of pennate muscles

1. Unipennate: plantar interossei


2. Bipennate: rectus femoris


3. Multipennate: soleus, deltoid

muscles are named based on their:

1. Appearance


2. Location


3. Function/action


4. Origin and insertion


5. Orientation


6. Unusual features

Anatomical Levers are

a lever is a long, rigid object that move around a fixed point called a fulcrum

What differs between the 3 classes of anatomical levers

What is in middle of lever



1st Class: fulcrum between resistance & effort


2nd Class: resistance is between fulcrum & effort


3rd Class: effort is between resistance & fulcrum

examples of the classes of anatomical levers

1st: head on neck, triceps


2nd: ankle


3rd: elbow, knee, jaw joint (most common)

bones of lower limbs

30 bones:


1 femur


1 patella


1 tibia and 1 fibula


7 tarsals


5 metatarsals


14 phalanges


How are Tibia and Fibula connected to each other?

By syndesmosis and ligaments (flat sheet of synarthrosis)

distal ends of tibia and fibula articulate with _______

Talus (a superior tarsal bone of the ankle)

Intrinsic muscles of the dorsal foot

Extensor hallucis brevis M


Extensor digitorum brevis M

The plantar foot muscles are supported by

plantar aponeurosis

First layer of plantar foot muscles

Flexor digitorum brevis M


Abductor hallucis M


Abductor digiti minimi M

Second layer of foot muscles and what their action is

Flexion:



Quadratus plantae


Lumbricals

Third layer of foot muscles

Adductor hallucis M


Flexor digiti minimi M


Flexor hallucis M

Tarsal bones

1. calcaneus


2. Talus


3. Navicular


4. Cuboid


5. Medial cuneiform


6. Intermediate cuneiform


7. Lateral cuneiform

3 arches of the foot

1. Medial longitudinal arch: from heel to base of great toe


2. Lateral longitudinal arch: from heel to base of digit 5, not as high as medial arch


3. Transverse arch: perpendicular to long arches

how are longitudinal arches maintained

plantar ligaments and aponeurosis

How is the leg compartmentalized

by deep fascia


1. Thigh: fascia lata


2. Leg: crural fascia


Retinaculum

a band of dense fibrous connective tissue that holds sliding tendons in correct position

Dorsal retinaculum


&


Medial retinaculum

1. Superior & inferior extensor retinaculum


2. Flexor retinaculum

What action do the muscles of the anterior thigh do?

flex thigh/hip

What are the muscles of anterior thigh and specific action

1. Iliopsoas


2. Sartorius


3. Quadriceps Femoris MM


4. Rectus Femoris


5. Vastus medialis


6. Vastus lateralis


7. Vastus Intermedius

Actions of muscles of medial thigh

Adduct thigh

What are the muscles of medial thigh and parts?

1. Gracilis


2. Adductor magnus


3. Adductor longus


4. Adductor brevis


5. Pectineus

Muscles of lateral thigh and actions of them

1. Tensor fascia latae M: abduct & medially rotates thigh


2. Iliotibial tract: aponeurosis

Actions of muscles of posterior thigh

Extend thigh


Flex leg at the knee

Where does posterior muscles attach to?

Attaches to Iliotuberosity and passes knee/hip joint

Muscles of posterior thigh

1. Biceps Femoris


2. Semitendinosus


3. Semimembranosus

Muscles that move ankle, foot, and toes are called

Crural MM

What are the actions of Anterior leg muscles

dorsiflex (extend) foot and toes

what nerves innervates anterior leg

Deep Fibular N

Muscles of anterior leg and specific actions

1. Tibialis Anterior


2. Extensor Hallucis Longus


3. Extensor digitorum longus


4. Fibularis tertius

What are the actions of lateral leg muscles

Everts foot

what nerves innervates lateral leg

Superficial fibular N (and then the N innervates skin)

Muscles of lateral leg

1. Fibularis longus


2. Fibularis brevis

5 lower limb joints and purpose of each

1. Tibiofemoral


2. Patellofemoral


3. Medial and lateral collateral LL


4. Cruciate LL


5. Medial & lateral menisci

Actions of muscles of posterior leg

Plantar flex the foot at ankle

Muscles of posterior leg

1. Triceps Surae


2. Gastrocnemius


3. Soleus


4. Plantaris


5. Flexor digitorum longus


6. Flexor hallucis longus


7. Tibialis posterior


8. Poplieus M

How are the Flexor longus MM and Tibialis posterior attached?

onto syndesmosis

Vestigal features in humans

1. Vermiform appendix


2. Wisdom teeth


3. Coccyx


4. Ribs 11&12


5. Extrinsic ear muscles


6. Arrector pili muscles and their hairs


7. Plica semilunaris of the eye