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59 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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How many chromosomes do humans have? |
46 |
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What is meiosis? |
A two-stage cell division which produces four haploid cells which are gametes or spores. |
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What is the diploid number? |
The total number of chromosomes an organism has in its cell. |
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What is the haploid number? |
The number of chromosomes in the gametes or half the diploid number. |
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What is interphase? |
Chromosomes replicate and begin to condense. |
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What occurs during prophase I? |
Chromatin shortens to form chromosomes. Chromosomes pair up to form tetrads. |
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What occurs during metaphase I? |
Chromosomes line up across the equator. Centromeres attach to spindle fibres. |
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What occurs during anaphase I? |
Homologous chromosomes separate and move towards poles. |
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What are homologous chromosomes? |
Matching pairs of chromosomes which are similar in size and carry information for the same genes. |
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What occurs during telophase I and cytokinesis? |
Cell begins to divide into two daughter cells. Each daughter cell can receive any combination of maternal and paternal chromosomes. |
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What occurs during prophase II? |
Nuclear membrane dissolves and spindle fibres begin to form. |
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What occurs during metaphase II? |
Chromosomes line up along the equator on the spindle fibres. |
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What occurs during anaphase II? |
Centromeres split and sister chromatids move towards opposite poles. Chromatids are now called chromosomes. |
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What occurs during telophase II and cytokinesis? |
Four cells are formed Each germ cell carries half the number of chromosomes as a somatic cell. |
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What is a germ cell? |
A gamete. |
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What does polyploid mean? |
Having more than two sets of chromosomes. |
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What is fragmentation? |
A method of asexual reproduction in which a body fragment of a parent organism develops into a mature individual. |
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What is fertilization? |
The formation of a zygote by the fusion of two gametes. |
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What is a tetrad? |
A pair of homologous chromosomes, each with two sister chromatids. |
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What is synapsis? |
The physical pairing up of homologous chromosomes during prophase I. |
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What is crossing over? |
The exchange of chromosome segments between homologous pairs during synapsis. Crossing over results in recombination of genetic information. |
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What is gametogenesis? |
The production of gametes in animals. |
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What is spermatogenesis? |
The production of mature sperm cells. |
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What is oogenesis? |
The production of mature egg cells. |
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What is a karyotype? |
The chromosomes of an individual that have been sorted and arranged according to size and type. |
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What are autosomes? |
Non-sex chromosomes. |
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Who was Gregor Mendel? |
A mid 19th century monk who performed famous experiments in his gardens. The "Father of Genetics". |
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What is heredity? |
The passing on of traits through generations. |
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What is genetics? |
The scientific study of heredity. |
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What did Mendel discover as a result of his experiments? |
1) 2 different "factors" determine a trait 2) One factor is dominants and masks the recessive factor. (Factors are now called genes.) |
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Name 4 examples of X-linked genes. |
1) Hemophilia 2) Muscular dystrophy 3) Red/green colour blindness 4) Early patterned baldness |
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What is an allele? |
A specific form of a gene. |
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What does homozygous mean? |
Describes an individual that carries two of the same alleles for a given characteristic. |
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What does heterozygous mean? |
Describes an individual that carries two different alleles for a given characteristic. |
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What is the genotype? |
The genetic makeup of an individual. |
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What is the phenotype? |
The outward appearance of an individual in terms of a specific characteristic. |
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What is a test cross? |
A cross used to determine the genotype of an individual expressing a dominant trait. |
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What is complete dominance? |
A situation in which an allele will determine the phenotype regardless of the presence of another allele. |
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What is incomplete dominance? |
A situation in which neither allele has dominance over the other and both a partially expressed. |
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What is codominance? |
A situation in which both alleles are fully expressed, producing an offspring with a third phenotype. |
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What is a pedigree? |
A diagram of an individual's ancestors used in human genetics. A pedigree is used to determine the inheritance of a trait. |
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What is autosomal inheritance? |
Inheritance of alleles located on autosomal (non-sex) chromosomes. |
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What is a dihybrid cross? |
A cross involving two genes each consisting of heterozygous alleles. |
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What is the Law of Independent Assortment? |
If genesare located on separate chromosomes,they will be inherited independently of one another. |
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What is the product law? |
The probability of twoindependent random events bothoccurring is the product of the individualprobabilities of the events. |
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Which type of dominance results in the partial expression of both traits? |
Incomplete dominance |
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In which type of dominance are both alleles expressed fully to produce offspring with a third phenotype? |
Codominance |
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What is the Law of Segregation? |
Organisms donate only one copy of each gene to their gametes because the genes separate during gamete formation. |
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What is the purpose of DNA? |
Store and transmit genetic information from parent to offspring. |
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What does DNA form when it is coiled tightly? |
Chromosomes |
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What is DNA composed of? |
1) 5-carbon sugar called deoxyribose 2) Phosphate group 3) Nitrogenous base |
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What are the bases in DNA? |
1) Adenine 2) Thymine 3) Cytosine 4) Guanine |
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What is the shape of the overall structure of DNA? |
Double helix |
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In terms of DNA, how is diversity obtained among organisms? |
Different arrangement of nucleotides in a nucleic acid. |
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What is transcription? |
DNA unzips itself and RNA nucleotides match up to the DNA strand. |
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What is translation? |
The cell uses information from messenger RNA to produce proteins. |
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Name some differences between RNA and DNA. |
DNA has deoxyribose RNA has ribose DNA has 2 strands RNA has one strand DNA has thymine RNA has uracil |
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How many different allele combinations can be made if the genotype of the parent is AaBB? |
4 |
FOIL |
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How many different types of gametes can a plant produce if it is heterozygous for two traits? |
4 |
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