Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
140 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Outer ear, middle ear, inner ear, auditory nerve are all parts of the _____ ______
________. |
peripheral auditory system
|
|
Auricle, concha, external auditory meatus & canal, tympanic membrane are the structures of the _____ ear.
|
outer
|
|
Field-to-ear drum transfer provides 10-15 dB gain from 2500-5000 Hz. T or F
|
True
|
|
_______ (pinna)'s function is funnel acoustic vibration to the concha & external meatus.
|
auricle
|
|
______ aids in localization of sound and aids in protection of the auditory meatus from foreign objects and trauma.
|
auricle
|
|
_____ aids to amplify from sound field to ear drum.
|
auricle
|
|
_____ primary function is amplification; it increases the intensity of sounds entering th ear.
|
concha
|
|
_____ has a resonant frequency of approximately 5000 Hz, although the resonant frequency dependent on its size and varies across individual.
|
concha
|
|
______ _____ _____ & canal's primary function is amplification, with a resonant frequency of about 2500 Hz-5000 Hz.
|
external auditory meatus
|
|
The ____ ____ ____ excretes cerumen (wax) in the outer 1/3 of canal to protect & lubricate. Repels insects & helps to reduce dust & wax build-up.
|
external auditory meatus
|
|
____ _____ is round, opaque, concave, and cone-shaped. Air tight, drum like, stretches across an opening. It has a natural resonating frequency of about 1500 Hz.
|
tympanic membrane
|
|
___ ____, 75% (inferior portion) is tightly stretched, more likely to vibrate, rigid, horse-shoe like.
|
Pars Tensa
|
|
___ _____, 25% (superior portion) is loose and floppy.
|
Pars Flaccida
|
|
The tympanic membrane is made of a mucus membrane, epithelial. T or F
|
True
|
|
___ ____, consists of 3 tiny bones, and makes up the middle ear.
|
ossicular chain
|
|
_____ is connected to the tympanic membrane and the incus.
|
malleus
|
|
____ is connected to the malleus and the stapes.
|
incus
|
|
____ moves in and out of the oval window.
|
stapes
|
|
The middle ear cavity is filled with fluid. T or F
|
False, it is filled with air.
|
|
____ ____ is connected to the stapes.
|
Stapedius Muscle
|
|
_____ ____ ____ is connected to the malleus.
|
Tensor Tympani Muscle
|
|
Function of the muscles is to protect against loud sounds. Muscles are normally relaxed, they contract only for a short time. T or F
|
True
|
|
The muscles in the middle ear will contract if intensity is too great. The ossicular chain will stiffen, thus increasing impedance, and reducing amplitude at the cochlea. T or F
|
True
|
|
Ossicles are suspended in the middle ear by ligaments and tendons. T or F
|
True
|
|
____ ____ is a tube that the air filled middle ear cavity to an opening in the upper, back portion of the throat, allowing air to come into the cavity.
|
Eustachian Tube
|
|
The Eustachian Tube's primary function is to ___ ____ in the middle ear to surrounding air pressure.
|
pressure equalization
|
|
____ contains water, low potassium, high sodium, high calcium, and protein. Similar to the cerebral spinal fluid.
|
Perilymph
|
|
____ contains water, high potassium, low sodium, and protein.
|
Endolymph
|
|
Semi-circular canals (sense of balance), vestibular system, and cochlea are the gross structures of the ___ __.
|
inner ear
|
|
____ _____ is made up of walls made of bone (temporal bone), contains perilymph.
|
osseous labyrinth
|
|
___ ____ is a tissue structure within the bone structure (soft), contains endolymph.
|
membraneous labyrinth
|
|
_____ ____, main function is maintaining balance. Space joining the semi-circular canals and cochlea. Contains the utricle and saccule, responsible for linear acceleration, and site of the oval window.
|
vestibular system (portion)
|
|
____ ____, are three canals (lateral, posterior, superior).
|
Semi-circular canals
|
|
___ ___ is right angle to the posterior canal and both are perpendicular to the lateral canal.
|
Superior canal (in the Semi-circular canal)
|
|
____ ___ responsible for detection of rotational movements in any direction.
|
Semi-circular canal
|
|
_____ main role is that of transduction of mechanical energy to electrical energy.
|
cochlea
|
|
The cochlea coils in on itself and turns about 2.75 times, and rotates around a bony axis called the ____.
|
modiolus
|
|
The cochlea is a labyrinth and not a feestanding structure. T or F
|
True
|
|
In cochlea, _____ upper most division, contains perilymph.
|
scala vestibuli
|
|
In cochlea, ____ ____ middle division, contains endolymph.
|
scala media
|
|
In cochlea, ____ ___ lowermost division, contains perilymph.
|
scala tympani
|
|
_____ is the duct at the apex of the cochlea where the perilymph from the scala vestibule is allowed to flow into the scala tympani.
|
helicotrema
|
|
____ separates the scala media from the scala vestibuli, a very thin 1-2 cells in width, runs the length of the cochlea.
|
Reissner's membrane
|
|
_____ separates the scala tympani from the scala media; location of the organ of Corti (end hearing of organ).
|
Basilar membrane
|
|
_____ opens into the scala vestibuli and is covered by the membrane that the stapes footplate sits on.
|
oval window
|
|
____ opens into the scala tympani medially and middle ear cavity (tympanum) laterally and is covered by a membrane.
|
round window
|
|
Another name for the middle ear cavity is called the _____.
|
tympanum
|
|
____ forms the outer boundary of the inner ear, bony wall.
|
promontory
|
|
_____ __ ____ inhabits the area within the scala media between Reissner's memberane and the Basilar membrane, referred to as the cochlear duct or cochlear partition.
|
organ of corti (spiral organ)
|
|
____ ___ __ runs the longitudinal length of the Basilar membrane.
|
organ of corti
|
|
Structures in and around the ___ __ ___ include: osseous spiral lamina, Basilar membrane, spiral ligament, and stria vascularis.
|
Organ of Corti
|
|
____ ___ _____ is a bony shelf that projects from the modiolus.
|
osseous spiral lamina
|
|
____ ___ a tough membrane that extends from the osseous spiral lamina to the outer wall of the osseous labyrinth.
|
Basilar membrane
|
|
_____ _____ is a thick fibrous membrane located on the outer wall of the cochlea, which holds the Basilar membrane in place.
|
spiral ligament
|
|
____ ____ is a vascular layer of tissue that lines the outer wall of the scala media, secretes endolymph and supplies blood to the cochlea
|
stria vascularis
|
|
____ ____ is hinged at the spiral limbus.
|
tectorial membrane
|
|
___ ____ is hinged at the spiral lamina.
|
Basilar membrane
|
|
___ ____ are considered the receptor cells of hearing.
|
hair cells
|
|
_______ form the VIII cranial nerve, and run longitudinally along the full length of the Basilar membrane.
|
One row of IHC's, and three rows of OHC's.
|
|
12,500 _____ located further away from the modiolus.
|
OHC's
|
|
3,500 _____ lie on the organ closes to the modiolus.
|
IHC's
|
|
_____ ______ is gelatinous (99% water), nearly transparent and fibrous flap that lays on top of the OHC's and IHC's.
|
Tectorial membrane
|
|
_____ ___ serves as the base or floor of the Organ of Corti.
|
Basilar membrane
|
|
____ ____ means that it is not the same stiffness at all points, it is gradual along the length of the Basilar membrane.
|
Stiffness gradient
|
|
____ end is narrow and stiff, ____ end is wide and flaccid.
|
Basal, apical.
|
|
_____ _____ because of the variation in stiffness, vibrations of different frequencies will maximally displace the BM at different locations specific to those frequencies.
|
tonotopic organization
|
|
______ ____ is the propagation of mechanical energy to a specific-dependent point along the basilar membrane.
|
traveling wave
|
|
_____ ____ sound is mechanical (motion based) and like acoustical waves, mechanical waves displace the medium thru which they pass.
|
traveling wave
|
|
The primary sensory system is the _____, the primary sensory receptor.
|
neuron
|
|
The sensory cell absorbs energy of stimulus and excites the sensory neuron. T or F
|
True
|
|
A high frequency sound affects the ____ part of the cochlea.
|
basal
|
|
A low frequency sound affects the ____ part of the cochlea.
|
apical
|
|
The ____ ___ plays the role of an acoustical antenna.
|
external ear
|
|
The ____ and the head diffracts and focuses sound waves.
|
aurical (pinna)
|
|
The _____ and ear canal act as a resonator.
|
concha
|
|
The surface ratio of the eardrum to the oval window is 20:1. T or F
|
True
|
|
The ___ ___ allows an adequate energy transfer of the sound pressure between the air and the fluids of the inner ear.
|
oval window
|
|
The ____ ____ can be considered as an impedance adapter -- without it, 98% of energy would be reflected back.
|
middle ear
|
|
___ basic buidling block of the CNS.
|
neuron
|
|
____ cell body of the neuron.
|
soma
|
|
____ basic function is to be stimulated by other neurons or by special receptor cells (such as hair cells in the cochlea or vestibular system).
|
dendrites
|
|
____ ast as receiving ends of the nerve cells, convey nerve impulses into the cell body.
|
dendrites
|
|
___ long and thin extensions of the cell body; convey information away from the cell body.
|
axon
|
|
___ the point at which a nerve impulse is passed from the axons of one nerve cell to the dendrites of another nerve cell; the junction of two neurons.
|
synapse
|
|
_____ _____ is a thin wihte sheath of fatty substances that that surrounds the axons of most neurons; acts as an insulator between the positively charged axon and the negatively charged enviornment.
|
myelin sheath
|
|
The CNS is made up by ____ and the _____.
|
the brain and spinal cord
|
|
____ a collection of nerve cell bodies in the CNS.
|
nucleus
|
|
____ is a collection of nerve cell bodies that have a common function but lie outside the CNS.
|
ganglion
|
|
___ basic buidling block of the CNS.
|
neuron
|
|
____ cell body of the neuron.
|
soma
|
|
____ basic function is to be stimulated by other neurons or by special receptor cells (such as hair cells in the cochlea or vestibular system).
|
dendrites
|
|
____ ast as receiving ends of the nerve cells, convey nerve impulses into the cell body.
|
dendrites
|
|
___ long and thin extensions of the cell body; convey information away from the cell body.
|
axon
|
|
___ the point at which a nerve impulse is passed from the axons of one nerve cell to the dendrites of another nerve cell; the junction of two neurons.
|
synapse
|
|
_____ _____ is a thin wihte sheath of fatty substances that that surrounds the axons of most neurons; acts as an insulator between the positively charged axon and the negatively charged enviornment.
|
myelin sheath
|
|
The CNS is made up of the ____ and the _____.
|
the brain and spinal cord
|
|
____ a collection of nerve cell bodies in the CNS.
|
nucleus
|
|
____ is a collection of nerve cell bodies that have a common function but lie outside the CNS.
|
ganglion
|
|
_________ cell bodies of the neurons that innervate the hair cells of the cochlea, found in the modiolus, and spirals with the turns of the cochlea.
|
spiral ganglion of the Corti
|
|
_____ are small openings in the edge of the osseous spiral lamina.
|
Habenula Perforata
|
|
Cochlea moves up is a ________.
|
rarefaction
|
|
Cochlea moves down is a _______.
|
compression
|
|
During a rarefaction, the BM is displaced upward, the cilia are sheared toward the ______.
|
stria vascularis
|
|
During a compression, when the BM is is displaced downward, the cilia are sheared toward the ______.
|
modiolus
|
|
The tectorial membrane is hinged at the _____ _____.
|
spiral limbus
|
|
The BM is hinged at the _____ ____.
|
spiral lamina
|
|
Both membranes of the hair system originate from the limbus area. T or F.
|
True
|
|
When the tip links are excitatory, the tip links are (depolarized) _______.
|
stretched (pops the gate open)
|
|
When the tip links are inhibitory, the tip links are (hyperpolarizing) _______.
|
compressed
|
|
Shearing the stereocilia toward the stria vascularis is during a ________ causes the most effective transduction of neuroelelectric energy....excitatory and depolarizes the haircell (opens the gate).
|
rarefaction
|
|
Shearing the cilia toward the modiolus during a _______ causes less effective transduction of neuroelectric energy....inhibitory and hyperpolarizes the haircell (closes the gate).
|
compression
|
|
Each point along the BM that is set in motion vibrates at the same frequency as the stimulus. T or F
|
True
|
|
However the amplitude of the BM is different at different locations, depending on the frequency, and level of the input stimulus. T or F
|
True
|
|
A wave motion is set up along the BM as the fluids in the inner ear are driven by the stapes. T or F
|
True
|
|
The BM bc it's attached along both edges, it must vibrate in a radial or transverse direction. T or F
|
True
|
|
The BM is like a fine-tuned band pass filter. T or F
|
True
|
|
The apical surface of the hair cells and their stereocilia lie in the endolymphatic space; therefore, they are exposed to fluid with a potential of +80 mV. T or F
|
True
|
|
Intracellular recording reveals that hair cells have a resting potential of approximately -40 to -60 mV. Therefore, the net potential difference across the hair cells' apical membrane is 120-140 mV. T or F
|
True
|
|
The influx of positively charged K+ ions causes a depolarization of the hair cell. Conversely, stereocilia bending in the opposite direction creates a hyperpolarization by closing those channels that are constantly open, even in the resting state, thus further obstructing K+ flow down the electrochemical gradient. T or F
|
True
|
|
Depolarization of inner hair cells results in activation of afferent nerve fibers and transmission of the auditory signal to the CNS. T or F
|
True
|
|
(Stimulus-Independent Potentials) The constant state, resting potential of the endolymph is +80 mV and hair cells have an intracellular resting potential of -70 mV. T or F
|
True
|
|
(Stimulus-dependent potentials) Stimulus being present, for diagnostic purposes, the most important to learn is the cochlear microphonic (CM) that is an alternating current (a/c) that mimics the period, frequency, duration, and phase of the stimulus. T or F
|
True
|
|
For diagnostic purpose, the ____ ____ appears to originate from the hair cell, we cannot mimic saturation, high intensity.
|
cochlear microphonic
|
|
An _____ ______ can be compared to a wall outlet.
|
alternating current
|
|
A _____ ____ can be compared to a battery flashlight that can be either on or off.
|
direct current
|
|
(Stimulus-dependent potential) When stimulus is present, summating potential (SP) is a direct current, that does not change over time. It can be either positive (+) or negative (-) depending on the frequency and intensity of the sound. T or F
|
True
|
|
Summating Potential Negative (SP -) is associated with the ____ of the traveling wave.
|
apical
|
|
Summating Potential Positive (SP+) is associated with the basal or apical end of the traveling wave.
|
basal
|
|
The summating potential (SP) does not have frequency, phase info available. However, the amplitude of the SP is related to the intensity of the stimulus. T or F
|
True
|
|
Spiral ganglion of the corti lives in the ______.
|
modiolus
|
|
Neurons carry information in one direction, that means they are unidirectional. T or F
|
True
|
|
There are 30,000 or more auditory fibers in humans. 90% go to IHC and 10% go to OHC. T or F
|
True
|
|
Neurons carrying _____ frequency are located on the outside of the 8th cranial nerve.
|
high
|
|
Neuron carrying ____ frequency are on the inside of the 8th cranial nerve.
|
low
|
|
Graded potential is the amount of depolarization is proportional to the amount of stimulation for a neuron. How much it takes for the threshold to be reached for the neuron. T or F
|
True
|
|
Action potential (firing) resulting in a bulid-up of a neurotransmitter, the firing occurs when threshold is at -40 mV. Depolarization (spike) is at +40. Amplitude of the spike is always the same. T or F
|
True
|
|
Absolute refractory period (like a stubborn kid) spike is brief for less than a ms, neuron cannot fire during this time. It's trying to regenerate. T or F
|
True
|
|
Relative refractory period is about 1 ms, neuron can fire but only with increased stimulation. T or F
|
True
|
|
1/.001 is 1000/s is the absolute refractory rate of a neuron. T or F
|
True
|
|
Absolute refractory period determines the firing rate known as the spike rate of the cell. T or F
|
True
|