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140 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Outer ear, middle ear, inner ear, auditory nerve are all parts of the _____ ______
________.
peripheral auditory system
Auricle, concha, external auditory meatus & canal, tympanic membrane are the structures of the _____ ear.
outer
Field-to-ear drum transfer provides 10-15 dB gain from 2500-5000 Hz. T or F
True
_______ (pinna)'s function is funnel acoustic vibration to the concha & external meatus.
auricle
______ aids in localization of sound and aids in protection of the auditory meatus from foreign objects and trauma.
auricle
_____ aids to amplify from sound field to ear drum.
auricle
_____ primary function is amplification; it increases the intensity of sounds entering th ear.
concha
_____ has a resonant frequency of approximately 5000 Hz, although the resonant frequency dependent on its size and varies across individual.
concha
______ _____ _____ & canal's primary function is amplification, with a resonant frequency of about 2500 Hz-5000 Hz.
external auditory meatus
The ____ ____ ____ excretes cerumen (wax) in the outer 1/3 of canal to protect & lubricate. Repels insects & helps to reduce dust & wax build-up.
external auditory meatus
____ _____ is round, opaque, concave, and cone-shaped. Air tight, drum like, stretches across an opening. It has a natural resonating frequency of about 1500 Hz.
tympanic membrane
___ ____, 75% (inferior portion) is tightly stretched, more likely to vibrate, rigid, horse-shoe like.
Pars Tensa
___ _____, 25% (superior portion) is loose and floppy.
Pars Flaccida
The tympanic membrane is made of a mucus membrane, epithelial. T or F
True
___ ____, consists of 3 tiny bones, and makes up the middle ear.
ossicular chain
_____ is connected to the tympanic membrane and the incus.
malleus
____ is connected to the malleus and the stapes.
incus
____ moves in and out of the oval window.
stapes
The middle ear cavity is filled with fluid. T or F
False, it is filled with air.
____ ____ is connected to the stapes.
Stapedius Muscle
_____ ____ ____ is connected to the malleus.
Tensor Tympani Muscle
Function of the muscles is to protect against loud sounds. Muscles are normally relaxed, they contract only for a short time. T or F
True
The muscles in the middle ear will contract if intensity is too great. The ossicular chain will stiffen, thus increasing impedance, and reducing amplitude at the cochlea. T or F
True
Ossicles are suspended in the middle ear by ligaments and tendons. T or F
True
____ ____ is a tube that the air filled middle ear cavity to an opening in the upper, back portion of the throat, allowing air to come into the cavity.
Eustachian Tube
The Eustachian Tube's primary function is to ___ ____ in the middle ear to surrounding air pressure.
pressure equalization
____ contains water, low potassium, high sodium, high calcium, and protein. Similar to the cerebral spinal fluid.
Perilymph
____ contains water, high potassium, low sodium, and protein.
Endolymph
Semi-circular canals (sense of balance), vestibular system, and cochlea are the gross structures of the ___ __.
inner ear
____ _____ is made up of walls made of bone (temporal bone), contains perilymph.
osseous labyrinth
___ ____ is a tissue structure within the bone structure (soft), contains endolymph.
membraneous labyrinth
_____ ____, main function is maintaining balance. Space joining the semi-circular canals and cochlea. Contains the utricle and saccule, responsible for linear acceleration, and site of the oval window.
vestibular system (portion)
____ ____, are three canals (lateral, posterior, superior).
Semi-circular canals
___ ___ is right angle to the posterior canal and both are perpendicular to the lateral canal.
Superior canal (in the Semi-circular canal)
____ ___ responsible for detection of rotational movements in any direction.
Semi-circular canal
_____ main role is that of transduction of mechanical energy to electrical energy.
cochlea
The cochlea coils in on itself and turns about 2.75 times, and rotates around a bony axis called the ____.
modiolus
The cochlea is a labyrinth and not a feestanding structure. T or F
True
In cochlea, _____ upper most division, contains perilymph.
scala vestibuli
In cochlea, ____ ____ middle division, contains endolymph.
scala media
In cochlea, ____ ___ lowermost division, contains perilymph.
scala tympani
_____ is the duct at the apex of the cochlea where the perilymph from the scala vestibule is allowed to flow into the scala tympani.
helicotrema
____ separates the scala media from the scala vestibuli, a very thin 1-2 cells in width, runs the length of the cochlea.
Reissner's membrane
_____ separates the scala tympani from the scala media; location of the organ of Corti (end hearing of organ).
Basilar membrane
_____ opens into the scala vestibuli and is covered by the membrane that the stapes footplate sits on.
oval window
____ opens into the scala tympani medially and middle ear cavity (tympanum) laterally and is covered by a membrane.
round window
Another name for the middle ear cavity is called the _____.
tympanum
____ forms the outer boundary of the inner ear, bony wall.
promontory
_____ __ ____ inhabits the area within the scala media between Reissner's memberane and the Basilar membrane, referred to as the cochlear duct or cochlear partition.
organ of corti (spiral organ)
____ ___ __ runs the longitudinal length of the Basilar membrane.
organ of corti
Structures in and around the ___ __ ___ include: osseous spiral lamina, Basilar membrane, spiral ligament, and stria vascularis.
Organ of Corti
____ ___ _____ is a bony shelf that projects from the modiolus.
osseous spiral lamina
____ ___ a tough membrane that extends from the osseous spiral lamina to the outer wall of the osseous labyrinth.
Basilar membrane
_____ _____ is a thick fibrous membrane located on the outer wall of the cochlea, which holds the Basilar membrane in place.
spiral ligament
____ ____ is a vascular layer of tissue that lines the outer wall of the scala media, secretes endolymph and supplies blood to the cochlea
stria vascularis
____ ____ is hinged at the spiral limbus.
tectorial membrane
___ ____ is hinged at the spiral lamina.
Basilar membrane
___ ____ are considered the receptor cells of hearing.
hair cells
_______ form the VIII cranial nerve, and run longitudinally along the full length of the Basilar membrane.
One row of IHC's, and three rows of OHC's.
12,500 _____ located further away from the modiolus.
OHC's
3,500 _____ lie on the organ closes to the modiolus.
IHC's
_____ ______ is gelatinous (99% water), nearly transparent and fibrous flap that lays on top of the OHC's and IHC's.
Tectorial membrane
_____ ___ serves as the base or floor of the Organ of Corti.
Basilar membrane
____ ____ means that it is not the same stiffness at all points, it is gradual along the length of the Basilar membrane.
Stiffness gradient
____ end is narrow and stiff, ____ end is wide and flaccid.
Basal, apical.
_____ _____ because of the variation in stiffness, vibrations of different frequencies will maximally displace the BM at different locations specific to those frequencies.
tonotopic organization
______ ____ is the propagation of mechanical energy to a specific-dependent point along the basilar membrane.
traveling wave
_____ ____ sound is mechanical (motion based) and like acoustical waves, mechanical waves displace the medium thru which they pass.
traveling wave
The primary sensory system is the _____, the primary sensory receptor.
neuron
The sensory cell absorbs energy of stimulus and excites the sensory neuron. T or F
True
A high frequency sound affects the ____ part of the cochlea.
basal
A low frequency sound affects the ____ part of the cochlea.
apical
The ____ ___ plays the role of an acoustical antenna.
external ear
The ____ and the head diffracts and focuses sound waves.
aurical (pinna)
The _____ and ear canal act as a resonator.
concha
The surface ratio of the eardrum to the oval window is 20:1. T or F
True
The ___ ___ allows an adequate energy transfer of the sound pressure between the air and the fluids of the inner ear.
oval window
The ____ ____ can be considered as an impedance adapter -- without it, 98% of energy would be reflected back.
middle ear
___ basic buidling block of the CNS.
neuron
____ cell body of the neuron.
soma
____ basic function is to be stimulated by other neurons or by special receptor cells (such as hair cells in the cochlea or vestibular system).
dendrites
____ ast as receiving ends of the nerve cells, convey nerve impulses into the cell body.
dendrites
___ long and thin extensions of the cell body; convey information away from the cell body.
axon
___ the point at which a nerve impulse is passed from the axons of one nerve cell to the dendrites of another nerve cell; the junction of two neurons.
synapse
_____ _____ is a thin wihte sheath of fatty substances that that surrounds the axons of most neurons; acts as an insulator between the positively charged axon and the negatively charged enviornment.
myelin sheath
The CNS is made up by ____ and the _____.
the brain and spinal cord
____ a collection of nerve cell bodies in the CNS.
nucleus
____ is a collection of nerve cell bodies that have a common function but lie outside the CNS.
ganglion
___ basic buidling block of the CNS.
neuron
____ cell body of the neuron.
soma
____ basic function is to be stimulated by other neurons or by special receptor cells (such as hair cells in the cochlea or vestibular system).
dendrites
____ ast as receiving ends of the nerve cells, convey nerve impulses into the cell body.
dendrites
___ long and thin extensions of the cell body; convey information away from the cell body.
axon
___ the point at which a nerve impulse is passed from the axons of one nerve cell to the dendrites of another nerve cell; the junction of two neurons.
synapse
_____ _____ is a thin wihte sheath of fatty substances that that surrounds the axons of most neurons; acts as an insulator between the positively charged axon and the negatively charged enviornment.
myelin sheath
The CNS is made up of the ____ and the _____.
the brain and spinal cord
____ a collection of nerve cell bodies in the CNS.
nucleus
____ is a collection of nerve cell bodies that have a common function but lie outside the CNS.
ganglion
_________ cell bodies of the neurons that innervate the hair cells of the cochlea, found in the modiolus, and spirals with the turns of the cochlea.
spiral ganglion of the Corti
_____ are small openings in the edge of the osseous spiral lamina.
Habenula Perforata
Cochlea moves up is a ________.
rarefaction
Cochlea moves down is a _______.
compression
During a rarefaction, the BM is displaced upward, the cilia are sheared toward the ______.
stria vascularis
During a compression, when the BM is is displaced downward, the cilia are sheared toward the ______.
modiolus
The tectorial membrane is hinged at the _____ _____.
spiral limbus
The BM is hinged at the _____ ____.
spiral lamina
Both membranes of the hair system originate from the limbus area. T or F.
True
When the tip links are excitatory, the tip links are (depolarized) _______.
stretched (pops the gate open)
When the tip links are inhibitory, the tip links are (hyperpolarizing) _______.
compressed
Shearing the stereocilia toward the stria vascularis is during a ________ causes the most effective transduction of neuroelelectric energy....excitatory and depolarizes the haircell (opens the gate).
rarefaction
Shearing the cilia toward the modiolus during a _______ causes less effective transduction of neuroelectric energy....inhibitory and hyperpolarizes the haircell (closes the gate).
compression
Each point along the BM that is set in motion vibrates at the same frequency as the stimulus. T or F
True
However the amplitude of the BM is different at different locations, depending on the frequency, and level of the input stimulus. T or F
True
A wave motion is set up along the BM as the fluids in the inner ear are driven by the stapes. T or F
True
The BM bc it's attached along both edges, it must vibrate in a radial or transverse direction. T or F
True
The BM is like a fine-tuned band pass filter. T or F
True
The apical surface of the hair cells and their stereocilia lie in the endolymphatic space; therefore, they are exposed to fluid with a potential of +80 mV. T or F
True
Intracellular recording reveals that hair cells have a resting potential of approximately -40 to -60 mV. Therefore, the net potential difference across the hair cells' apical membrane is 120-140 mV. T or F
True
The influx of positively charged K+ ions causes a depolarization of the hair cell. Conversely, stereocilia bending in the opposite direction creates a hyperpolarization by closing those channels that are constantly open, even in the resting state, thus further obstructing K+ flow down the electrochemical gradient. T or F
True
Depolarization of inner hair cells results in activation of afferent nerve fibers and transmission of the auditory signal to the CNS. T or F
True
(Stimulus-Independent Potentials) The constant state, resting potential of the endolymph is +80 mV and hair cells have an intracellular resting potential of -70 mV. T or F
True
(Stimulus-dependent potentials) Stimulus being present, for diagnostic purposes, the most important to learn is the cochlear microphonic (CM) that is an alternating current (a/c) that mimics the period, frequency, duration, and phase of the stimulus. T or F
True
For diagnostic purpose, the ____ ____ appears to originate from the hair cell, we cannot mimic saturation, high intensity.
cochlear microphonic
An _____ ______ can be compared to a wall outlet.
alternating current
A _____ ____ can be compared to a battery flashlight that can be either on or off.
direct current
(Stimulus-dependent potential) When stimulus is present, summating potential (SP) is a direct current, that does not change over time. It can be either positive (+) or negative (-) depending on the frequency and intensity of the sound. T or F
True
Summating Potential Negative (SP -) is associated with the ____ of the traveling wave.
apical
Summating Potential Positive (SP+) is associated with the basal or apical end of the traveling wave.
basal
The summating potential (SP) does not have frequency, phase info available. However, the amplitude of the SP is related to the intensity of the stimulus. T or F
True
Spiral ganglion of the corti lives in the ______.
modiolus
Neurons carry information in one direction, that means they are unidirectional. T or F
True
There are 30,000 or more auditory fibers in humans. 90% go to IHC and 10% go to OHC. T or F
True
Neurons carrying _____ frequency are located on the outside of the 8th cranial nerve.
high
Neuron carrying ____ frequency are on the inside of the 8th cranial nerve.
low
Graded potential is the amount of depolarization is proportional to the amount of stimulation for a neuron. How much it takes for the threshold to be reached for the neuron. T or F
True
Action potential (firing) resulting in a bulid-up of a neurotransmitter, the firing occurs when threshold is at -40 mV. Depolarization (spike) is at +40. Amplitude of the spike is always the same. T or F
True
Absolute refractory period (like a stubborn kid) spike is brief for less than a ms, neuron cannot fire during this time. It's trying to regenerate. T or F
True
Relative refractory period is about 1 ms, neuron can fire but only with increased stimulation. T or F
True
1/.001 is 1000/s is the absolute refractory rate of a neuron. T or F
True
Absolute refractory period determines the firing rate known as the spike rate of the cell. T or F
True