Unit: 2

Front 1

List the subdivisions in the hierarchy of classification starting with DOMAIN and ending with STRAIN

Back 1

-Domain

-Kingdom

-Phylum

-Class

-Order

-Family

-Genus

-Species

Front 2

List the physical characteristics of prokaryote cells

Back 2

-No nucleus

-Divide by Binary Fission

-Generally lack organelles

-Cells walls contain peptidoglycan

-DNA not enclosed within a membrane

Front 3

List the physical characteristics of eukaryotic cells

Back 3

-DNA is found in the nucleus

-Contain organelles

-Simple cell wall (if present)

-Cell division involves mitosis

Front 4

Describe the function of the cell wall

Back 4

-The cell wall is responsible for the shape of the cell. It protects the cell from adverse environmental changes

-Prevents the cell from rupturing when pressure inside the cell is greater than outside

-Serves as an anchor point for flagella

Front 5

Cell Membrane

Back 5

-Composed primarily of phospholipids

-It's function is to serve as a selective barrier (selective permeability)

Front 6

Hypertonic Solution

Back 6

A medium having a higher concentration of solutes than inside the cell

*Most cells shrink and/or collapse from water leaving the cell by osmosis

Front 7

Hypotonic Solution

Back 7

A medium having a lower concentration of solutes than inside the cell

*Most bacteria live in this environment and their cell wall resists osmosis and protects them from lysis

Front 8

Isotonic Solution

Back 8

A medium having an equal concentration of solutes as inside the cell. Water enters and leaves the cell at the same rate (no net change)

Front 9

Function of the flagella

Back 9

Long filamentous appendages that propel bacteria

Front 10

Function of fimbriae

Back 10

Help the bacterium adhere to surfaces

Front 11

Function of pili

Back 11

Involved in motility and DNA transfer

Front 12

Identify the unique macromolecule found only inthe cell walls of Bacteria.

Back 12

Peptidoglycan

Front 13

Compare the structure of cell membranes and cell walls in Bacteria andArchaea

Back 13

Bacteria all have a cell wall, while archaea may, or may not have a cellwall. If archaea do have a cell wall, it is not composed of peptidoglycans. Itmay be made of polysaccharides and/or protein

Front 14

Describe the structure, chemical composition andfunction of the bacterial capsule and slime layer

Back 14

Bacteriasecrete a substance called glycocalyx; which is a sticky, sugar substance. Ifit is organized and firmly attached to the cell wall, it is considered acapsule. If it is unorganized and loosely attached, it is considered a slimelayer. The chemical composition widely varies with species

Front 15

Describe the link betweenlipopolysaccharide A (LPS A) in the outer membrane of Gram-negativebacteria and endotoxin.

Back 15

When gram-negative bacteria die, release lipidA, which is embedded in the top layer of the outer membrane. When released,lipid A acts as an endotoxin.

Front 16

List the different cellular transport processes of the cell membrane. Identify their energy requirements and if they requireintegrated protein channels (transporters) inthe cell membrane.

Back 16

-Passive processes: simple diffusion (through the lipid bilayer), facilitated diffusion(through a non-specific transporter), facilitated diffusion (through a specifictransporter), osmosis (through the lipid bilayer

-Active processes: active transport (uses energy in the form of ATP to move substancesacross the plasma membrane), group translocation (occurs exclusively inprokaryotes, as the substances are chemically altered during transport

Front 17

Describe the location and function of polar flagella, peritrichousflagella and axial filaments.

Back 17

-Polar Flagella: Flagella may be at one or both ends of the cell

-Peritrichous Flagella: Flagella isdistributed along the entire outside of the

-Axial Filaments: Also known as endoflagella; bundles of fibers that arise at the ends ofa cell beneath the outer sheath and spiral around the cell. It allows the cellto move in a spiral or corkscrew fashion

Front 18

Define antibiotic

Back 18

Anantimicrobial agent, usually naturally produced by a bacterium or fungus.

Front 19

Describe the action of penicillin and why it isonly effective on growing cells.

Back 19

Penicillinprevents the synthesis of intact peptidoglycan, therefore weakening the cellwall; then the cell undergoes lysis. It only targets the synthesis process, andgrowing cells. Humans do not have peptidoglycan cell walls

Front 20

Describe the action of the enzyme lysozyme.

Back 20

It catalyzes hydrolysis of bonds between sugars in the repeating disaccharide "backbone" of peptidoglycan.

Front 21

List the major modes of action of antimicrobial drugs.

Back 21

Inhibitssynthesis of the cell wall, inhibits synthesis of the plasma membrane, inhibitsDNA or RNA synthesis, protease inhibitor.

Front 22

Define selective toxicity

Back 22

The ability of the drug being taken to actwithin the host, without damaging the host

Front 23

Define therapeutic index (ratio)

Back 23

This refers to assessing the risk vs. benefit oftaking a particular drug

Front 24

Explain some of the functional differences between natural occurringpenicillin and the semisynthetic penicillins and the newer carbapenems.

Back 24

Natural penicillin has a narrow, but very useful spectrum of use.Semisynthetic penicillins have a broader spectrum of use, and are moreresistant to the penicillinase. Carbapenems inhibit cell wall synthesis andhave an extremely broad spectrum of use

Front 25

Describe the steps of the Gram stain.

Back 25

1. Apply of crystalviolet (purple dye)

2. Apply iodine(mordant)

3. Alcohol wash(decolorization)

4. Apply Safranin(counterstain)

Front 26

Define Bergey's manual of Systematic biology.

Back 26

Thestandard taxonomic reference on bacteria