Unit 2

Front 1

Tissue

Back 1

A collection of similar cells and their intracellular substances.

Front 2

Fatty Acids

Back 2

Any of a large group of monobasic acids, especially those found in animal and vegetable fats and oils.

Front 3

Triglycerides

Back 3

The storage form of fat made up of three fatty acids and a glycerol group.

Front 4

Insulin

Back 4

A polypeptide hormone functioning in the regulation of the metabolism of carbohydrates and fats, especially the conversion of glucose to glycogen, which lowers the blood glucose level.

Front 5

Glucose

Back 5

Principal circulating sugar in the blood and the major energy source of the body.

Front 6

Glycogen Granule

Back 6

Structure of the cell that stores glycogen and enzymes for glycogen breakdown and synthesis.

Front 7

Gluconeogenesis

Back 7

Chemical process that converts lactate and pyruvate back into glucose.

Front 8

Glycolysis

Back 8

The metabolic process that creates energy from the splitting of glucose to form pyruvic acid or lactic acid and ATP.

Front 9

Squamous epithelium

Back 9

Epithelium consisting of one or more cell layers, the most superficial of which is composed of flat, scale-like or plate-like cells.

Front 10

Cuboidal epithelium

Back 10

Epithelial tissue consisting of one or more cell layers, the most superficial of which is composed of cube-shaped or somewhat prismatic cells.

Front 11

Columnar epithelium

Back 11

Epithelium consisting of one or more cell layers, the most superficial of which is composed of elongated and somewhat cylindrical cells projecting toward the surface.

Front 12

Glandular epithelial cells

Back 12

Specialized epithelial cells that secrete bodily products such as mucus and hormones.

Front 13

Tendon

Back 13

Connective tissue that attaches muscle to bone.

Front 14

Ligament

Back 14

Connective tissue that connects bone to bone or bone to cartilage.

Front 15

Nervous Tissue

Back 15

The main component of the nervous system; the brain and spinal cord of the central nervous system (CNS), and the branching peripheral nervous system (PNS), which regulates and controls bodily functions and activity.

Front 16

Integumentary System

Back 16

System of the body consisting of the skin and its associated structures, such as the hair, nails, sweat glands, and sebaceous glands.

Front 17

Skeletal System

Back 17

System of the body consisting of bone and cartilage that supports and protects the body.

Front 18

Muscular System

Back 18

System of the body consisting of large skeletal muscles that allow us to move, cardiac muscle in the heart, and smooth muscle of the internal organs.

Front 19

Nervous System

Back 19

System comprised of brain, spinal cord, sense organs and nerves. Regulates other systems.

Front 20

Endocrine System

Back 20

System consisting of the glands and tissues that release hormones. It works with the nervous system in regulating metabolic activities.

Front 21

Circulatory System

Back 21

System consisting of the heart and blood vessels that serves as the transportation system.

Front 22

Lymphatic System

Back 22

Subsystem of the circulatory system, which protects the body against disease.

Front 23

Respiratory System

Back 23

System consisting of the lungs and air passageways, which supplies oxygen to the body and removes carbon dioxide.

Front 24

Digestive System

Back 24

System of the body consisting of the digestive tract and glands that secrete digestive juices into the digestive tract. Responsible for breaking down foods and eliminating waste.

Front 25

Urinary System

Back 25

Main excretory system of the body which consists of the kidneys, ureter, urinary bladder, and urethra.

Front 26

Reproductive System

Back 26

System consisting of gonads, associated ducts, and external genitals concerned with sexual reproduction.

Front 27

Hemoglobin

Back 27

An oxygen-transporting protein found in blood cells.

Front 28

Vital Capacity

Back 28

The usable portion of the lungs.

Front 29

Maximum Minute Volume

Back 29

The amount of air that a person can process during one minute of vigorous exercise.

Front 30

Residual Volume

Back 30

The remainder of the air in the lungs after the usable lung volume has been measured.

Front 31

Plasma

Back 31

The fluid portion of blood.

Front 32

Erythrocyte

Back 32

Blood cell that contains hemoglobin to carry oxygen to the bodily tissues; a biconcave disc that has no nucleus. Also known as red blood cell.

Front 33

Leukocyte

Back 33

Cell whose primary function is to combat infections; also known as white blood cell.

Front 34

Platelet

Back 34

Cytoplasmic body found in the blood plasma that functions to promote blood clotting.

Front 35

Alveoli

Back 35

Capillary-rich air sacs in the lungs where the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide takes place.

Front 36

Law of Gaseous Diffusion

Back 36

Law stating that a gas will move across a semipermeable membrane (e.g., alveolar, capillary) from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.

Front 37

Osmosis

Back 37

The scientific process of transferring fluid between molecules.

Front 38

Diastolic Pressure

Back 38

Pressure exerted on the walls of the blood vessels during the refilling of the heart.

Front 39

Fat/Lipid Metabolism

Back 39

A metabolic process that breaks down ingested fats into fatty acids and glycerol and then into simpler compounds that can be used by cells of the body for general bodily function as well as energy production.

Front 40

Anaerobic

Back 40

Occurring without the use of oxygen.

Front 41

Aerobic

Back 41

Occurring with the use of oxygen, or requiring oxygen.

Front 42

Resting Heart Rate

Back 42

The number of times the heart beats in one minute. 72 beats per minute for the average adult.

Front 43

Maximum Heart Rate (HR Max)

Back 43

The highest heart rate at which an individual is capable: 220 minus age in years is equivalent to maximum heart rate.

Front 44

Sympathetic Nervous System

Back 44

An automatic system that speeds up most activities in the body.

Front 45

Adrenal Glands

Back 45

Two glands that release hormones which helps the body cope with stress.

Front 46

Stroke Volume

Back 46

The volume of blood pumped out of the heart into the circulatory system by the left ventricle in one contraction.

Front 47

Left Ventricle Ejection Fraction

Back 47

The percentage of blood inside the left ventricle pushed out into the body after contraction.

Front 48

Maximal Oxygen Uptake (VO_2 Max)

Back 48

The maximum usable portion of oxygen uptake over a period of time.

Front 49

Macronutrients

Back 49

A category of nutrients: including -- carbohydrates, proteins, and fats -- that are present in foods in large amounts.

Front 50

Fructose

Back 50

Fruit sugar.

Front 51

Lipogenesis

Back 51

The formation of fat.

Front 52

Nervous System

Back 52

System comprised of brain, spinal cord, sense organs and nerves. Regulates other systems.

Front 53

Nerve Impulses

Back 53

A brief reversal of the membrane potential that sweeps along the membrane of a neuron.

Front 54

Central Nervous System (CNS)

Back 54

System of the body comprised of the brain and spinal column.

Front 55

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

Back 55

Relays messages from the CNS to the body (the efferent system) and relays messages to the CNS (the afferent system) from the body.

Front 56

Efferent System

Back 56

System designed to cause action; consists of the somatic and autonomic systems.

Front 57

Afferent System

Back 57

The part of the PNS that sends messages to the CNS.

Front 58

Somatic System

Back 58

System responsible for voluntary action.

Front 59

Autonomic System

Back 59

System that processes and activates involuntary action.

Front 60

Contraction

Back 60

The shortening of a muscle or increase in tension.

Front 61

Endocrine System

Back 61

System consisting of the glands and tissues that release hormones. It works with the nervous system in regulating metabolic activities.

Front 62

Insulin

Back 62

A polypeptide hormone functioning in the regulation of the metabolism of carbohydrates and fats, especially the conversion of glucose to glycogen, which lowers the blood glucose level.

Front 63

Glucagon

Back 63

A hormone produced by the pancreas that stimulates an increase in blood sugar levels, thus opposing the action of insulin.

Front 64

Glycogenolysis

Back 64

Process describing the cleavage of glucose from the glycogen molecule.

Front 65

Growth Hormone (HGH or hGH)

Back 65

A hormone secreted by the pituitary gland that affects skeletal growth rate and bodily weight gain.

Front 66

Epinephrine

Back 66

A hormone produced by the adrenal gland that causes the flight-or-fight response.

Front 67

Distal Tubules of the Kidneys

Back 67

A twisted, tube-like structure found inside a part of the kidney known as the nephron.

Front 68

Cortisol

Back 68

A corticosteroid that causes a breakdown of protein in muscles.

Front 69

Ketosis

Back 69

An abnormal increase of ketone bodies in the body; usually the result of a low-carbohydrate diet, fasting, or starvation.