Unit 2

Front 1

Boston Massacre

Back 1

a violent clash between British troops and a Boston mob on March 5, 1770. the incident inflamed anti-British sentiment in Massachusetts.

Front 2

Boston Tea Party

Back 2

raid on British ships in which Patriots disguised as Mohawks threw hundreds of chests of tea owned by the East India Company into Boston Harbor to protest British taxes.

Front 3

Coercive Acts

Back 3

also known as the Intolerable Acts, the four pieces of legislation passed by Parliament in response to the Boston Tea Party to punish Massachusetts.

Front 4

Common Sense

Back 4

Revolutionary tract written by Thomas Paine in 1776. It called for independence and republican government in America.

Front 5

committee of correspondence

Back 5

Communication network formed in Massachusetts and other colonies to communicate grievances and provide colonists with evidence of British oppression.

Front 6

First Continental Congress

Back 6

a meeting of delegates from 12 colonies in Philadelphia in 1774, the Congress denied Parliament's authority to legislate for the colonies, condemned British actions toward the colonies, created the Continental Association, and endorsed a call to take up arms.

Front 7

Loyalists

Back 7

Colonists sided with Britain during the American Revolution.

Front 8

parliamentary sovereignty

Back 8

Principle that emphasized Parliament's power to govern colonial affairs.

Front 9

Second Continental Congress

Back 9

a gathering of colonial representatives in Philadelphia in 1775 that organized the Continental Association, and endorsed a call to take up arms.

Front 10

Stamp Act Congress

Back 10

meeting of colonial delegates in New York City in October 1765 to protest the Stamp Act, a law passed by Parliament to raise revenue in America.

Front 11

Stamp Act of 1765

Back 11

placed a tax on newspapers and printed matter produced in the colonies, causing mass opposition by colonists.

Front 12

Treaty of Paris of 1763

Back 12

agreement establishing American independence after the Revolutionary War. It also transferred territory est of the Mississippi River, except for Spanish Florida, to the new republic.

Front 13

Whigs

Back 13

the American Whigs supported federal power and internal improvements but not territorial expansion. the Whig party collapsed in the 1850's.

Front 14

Yorktown

Back 14

Virginia market town on a peninsula bounded by the York and James rivers, where Lord Cornwallis's army was trapped by the Americans and French in 1781.

Front 15

1764

Back 15

Parliament passes the Sugar Act.

Front 16

1765

Back 16

Stamp Act passed; 9 colonies send delegates to Stamp Act Congress.

Front 17

1766

Back 17

Stamp Act repealed; Declaratory Act passed.

Front 18

1767

Back 18

Townshend Revenue Acts stir American anger.

Front 19

1770

Back 19

Townshend duties repealed; Boston Massacre kills 5.

Front 20

1773

Back 20

Boston Tea Party held in response to Tea Act.

Front 21

1774

Back 21

Boston punished with Coercive Acts (March-June); First Continental Congress meets (Sept.)

Front 22

1775

Back 22

Patriots take stand at Lexington and Concord (April); Second Continental Congress meets (May); bloody British victory at Bunker Hill (June).

Front 23

1776

Back 23

Congress votes for Independence, declaration issued (July); British defeat Washington at Long Island (August); Americans score victory at Trenton (Dec.).

Front 24

1777

Back 24

Burgoyne surrenders at Saratoga.

Front 25

1778

Back 25

France recognizes U.S. (Feb.)

Front 26

1780

Back 26

British take Charleston, S.C.

Front 27

1781

Back 27

Washington forces Cornwallis to surrender at Yorktown, Va. (Oct.).

Front 28

1783

Back 28

Treaty of Paris signed.

Front 29

African Methodist Episcopal Church

Back 29

Richard Allen founded the AME first independent black run Protestant church in the U.S. AME Church was active in the abolition movement and founded educational institutions for free blacks.

Front 30

Antifederalists

Back 30

critics of the Constitution who advocated its ratification

Front 31

Articles of Confederation

Back 31

document was the United States' first constitution, providing a framework for national government. the articles limited central authority by denying the national government any taxation or coercive power.

Front 32

Bill of Rights

Back 32

the first ten amendments to the constitution, adopted in 1791 to preserve the rights and liberties of individuals.

Front 33

Federalist

Back 33

supporter of the Constitution who advocated its ratification.

Front 34

natural rights

Back 34

fundamental rights over which the government should exercise no control.

Front 35

Northwest Ordinance

Back 35

legislation in 1787 that established governments in America's northwest territories, defined a procedure for their admission to the Union as states, and prohibited slavery north of the Ohio River.

Front 36

republicanism

Back 36

concept that ultimate political authority is vested in the citizens of the nation.

Front 37

Shays’ Rebellion

Back 37

An uprising led by a former militia officer, Daniel Shays, which broke out in western Massachusetts in 1786. Shays's followers protested the foreclosures of farms for debt and briefly succeeded in shutting down the court system.

Front 38

Three-fifths rule

Back 38

Constitutional provision that for every five slaves a state would receive credit for three free voters in-determining seats for the House of Representatives.

Front 39

Virginia Plan

Back 39

was a proposal by Virginia delegates for a strong executive office and two houses of Congress each with representation proportional to a state's population. The plan was drafted by James Madison while he waited for a quorum to assemble at the Constitutional Convention of 1787.

Front 40

1776

Back 40

Eight states draft new constitutions

Front 41

1777

Back 41

Congress accepts Articles of Confederation after long debate (Nov.)

Front 42

1781

Back 42

Virginia gives up land claim; states ratify Articles of Confederation

Front 43

1785

Back 43

Congress passes Land Ordinance

Front 44

1786

Back 44

Annapolis Convention backs revising Articles of Confederation (Sept.); Shays’ Rebellion frightens American leaders

Front 45

1787

Back 45

Constitutional Convention convened (May); Congress passes Northwest Ordinance (July)

Front 46

1788

Back 46

U.S. Constitution ratified when New Hampshire becomes 9th state to accept it (June 21)

Front 47

1791

Back 47

Bill of Rights ratified by states

Front 48

Alien and Sedition Acts

Back 48

collective name given to four laws Congress passed to suppress criticism of the federal government and curb liberties of foreigners living in the United States.

Front 49

Bank of the United States

Back 49

National bank proposed by Secretary of the Treasury Alexander Hamilton and served as a central depository for the U.S. government and had the authority to issue currency.

Front 50

Farewell Address

Back 50

President George Washington announced his intention not to seek a third term. he also stressed Federalist interests and warned Americans against political factions and foreign entanglements.

Front 51

French Revolution

Back 51

a social and political revolution in France.

Front 52

implied powers

Back 52

powers the Constitution did not explicitly grant the federal government, but that it could be interpreted to grant.

Front 53

Jay’s Treaty

Back 53

treaty with Britain negotiated by Chief Justice John Jay in 1794. though the British agreed to surrender forts on U.S. territory, the treaty provoked a storm of protest in America.

Front 54

Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions

Back 54

statements penned by Thomas Jefferson and James Madison to mobilize opposition to the Alien and Sedition Acts, which they argued were unconstitutional.

Front 55

Quasi-War

Back 55

undeclared war between the United States and France in the late 1790's.

Front 56

XYZ Affair

Back 56

a diplomatic incident in which American peace commissioners sent to France by President John Adams in 1797 were insulted with bribe demands from their French counterparts, dubbed X,Y, and Z.

Front 57

Whiskey Rebellion

Back 57

protests in 1794 by western Pennsylvania farmers against a federal tax on whiskey.

Front 58

1789

Back 58

George Washington unanimously elected first president (Feb.); French Revolution erupts

Front 59

1790

Back 59

Congress approves Hamilton’s plan for funding and assumption (July)

Front 60

1791

Back 60

Bank of the United States chartered (Feb.); Congress rejects Report on Manufactures (Dec.)

Front 61

1793

Back 61

France announces “war … against all kings” (Feb.); Washington proclaims neutrality (April)

Front 62

1794

Back 62

Whiskey Rebellion put down by U.S. Army; Gen. Wayne defeats Indians at Fallen Timbers

Front 63

1795

Back 63

Jay’s Treaty divides nation; Pinckney gets concessions from Spain

Front 64

1796

Back 64

Washington publishes Farewell Address (Sept.); John Adams elected president (Dec.)

Front 65

1797

Back 65

XYZ Affair poisons relations with France

Front 66

1798-1800

Back 66

Quasi-War with France

Front 67

1798

Back 67

Congress passes Alien and Sedition Acts, provoking protest

Front 68

1799

Back 68

George Washington dies; Adams breaks with Hamiltonians, sends negotiators to France

Front 69

1801

Back 69

Jefferson elected president in vote by House of Representatives

Front 70

Battle of New Orleans

Back 70

battle that occurred in 1815 at the end of the War of 1812 when U.S. forces defeated a British attempt to seize New Orleans.

Front 71

Embargo Act

Back 71

in response to a British attack on an American warship off the coast of Virginia, this 1807 law prohibited foreign commerce.

Front 72

Hartford Convention

Back 72

was a series of meetings from December 15, 1814 – January 5, 1815 in Hartford, Connecticut, United States, in which the New England Federalist Party met to discuss their grievances concerning the ongoing War of 1812 and the political problems arising from the federal government's increasing power

Front 73

judicial review

Back 73

the authority of the Supreme Court to determine the constitutionality of the statutes.

Front 74

Lewis and Clark expedition

Back 74

overland expedition to the Pacific coast. commissioned by President Thomas Jefferson, it collected scientific data about the contry and its resources.

Front 75

Louisiana Purchase

Back 75

U.S. acquisition of the Louisiana Territory from France in 1803 for $15 million. the purchase secured American control of the Mississippi River and doubled the size of the nation.

Front 76

Marbury v. Madison

Back 76

the Supreme Court first asserted the power of judicial review by declaring an act of Congress unconstitutional.

Front 77

War Hawks

Back 77

congressional leaders who, in 1811 and 1812 called for war against British.

Front 78

War of 1812

Back 78

war between Brititsh and the United States. U.S. justifications for war included British violations of American maritime rights, impressment of seamen, provocation of the Indians, and defense of national honor.

Front 79

1801

Back 79

Adams makes “midnight” appointments of federal judges

Front 80

1802

Back 80

Judiciary Act repealed

Front 81

1803

Back 81

Chief Justice John Marshall establishes judicial review in Marbury v. Madison; Louisiana Territory purchased from France

Front 82

1803-06

Back 82

Lewis & Clark explore Northwest

Front 83

1804

Back 83

Aaron Burr kills Hamilton; Jefferson elected to second term

Front 84

1805

Back 84

Senate acquits Justice Chase

Front 85

1807

Back 85

Burr acquitted of conspiracy; Embargo Act passed

Front 86

1808

Back 86

Slave trade ended (Jan.); James Madison elected president

Front 87

1809

Back 87

Embargo replaced with NonIntercourse Act

Front 88

1811

Back 88

Wm. Henry Harrison defeats Indians at Tippecanoe

Front 89

1812

Back 89

War declared against Britain (June); Madison re-elected

Front 90

1813

Back 90

Perry destroys British fleet on Lake Erie (Sept.); Tecumseh killed in American victory at Thames River (Oct.)

Front 91

1814

Back 91

Andrew Jackson crushes Creek Indians at Horseshoe Bend (March); British burn Washington, D.C. (Aug.); Hartford Convention meets (Dec.); Treaty of Ghent ends war (Dec.)

Front 92

1815

Back 92

Jackson routs British at Battle of New Orleans (Jan.)

Front 93

How did ordinary colonists respond after the wealthy elite had initiated the American rebellion?

Back 93

They turned an elite movement into a mass movement.

Front 94

What was the tone of the Stamp Act Congress?

Back 94

restraint and conciliation, with no mention of independence or disloyalty

Front 95

Which list places events in the correct order?

Back 95

Townshend duties, Boston Massacre, Boston Tea Party, Coercive Acts

Front 96

What did military strategists in 1779 predict would be Britain's last chance for victory over the colonies?

Back 96

a successful campaign in the Southern colonies

Front 97

What does the following quote by Benjamin Rush signify? "The American war is over, but this is far from being the case with the American Revolution. On the contrary, nothing but the first act of the great drama is closed."

Back 97

The war was merely the first step in the colonists' move toward establishing a truly independent nation.

Front 98

An important fact about the Americans who wrote the first state constitutions was that they ________.

Back 98

demanded written documents

Front 99

The controversy which delayed ratification of the Articles of Confederation involved ________.

Back 99

the disposition of western lands

Front 100

Shays' Rebellion involved ________.

Back 100

discontented farmers in Massachusetts

Front 101

The Federalist was a series of essays written by ________.

Back 101

Madison, Hamilton and Jay

Front 102

How did the Constitutional Convention affect slavery?

Back 102

It permitted Congress to outlaw the importation of slaves in 1808.

Front 103

In the early 1790s, British actions toward the United States indicated ________

Back 103

disdain for American rights

Front 104

As a result of the actions taken by President Adams in 1799, ________.

Back 104

the United States resolved its differences with France

Front 105

How was George Washington's election to the presidency different from that of every president since?

Back 105

He was unanimously elected by the electoral college.

Front 106

Why did opponents criticize Alexander Hamilton's assumption program?

Back 106

It rewarded states like Massachusetts, which had sloppy financial systems, for nonpayment of debt.

Front 107

How was the election of 1800 a peaceful revolution?

Back 107

How was the election of 1800 a peaceful revolution?

Front 108

What difficulty did Jefferson face in purchasing the Louisiana Territory?

Back 108

the constitutionality of his actions

Front 109

Chief Justice John Marshall believed in judicial review, which is ________.

Back 109

the power of the courts to determine the constitutionality of the actions of the other two branches

Front 110

Why were regional identities formed in the U.S. in the early nineteenth century?

Back 110

People wanted to defend their shared economic interests, it was difficult to travel far, and there were distinct regional subcultures.

Front 111

In what ways was the Lewis and Clark expedition a success?

Back 111

It fulfilled Jefferson's scientific expectations and reaffirmed his faith in the future prosperity of the United States.

Front 112

The Congressional War Hawks in 1812 were most interested in ________.

Back 112

conquering Canada from the British