Unit 2

Front 1

Skeletal system

Back 1

Framework, support, protection

Front 2

Long bones

Back 2

Have greater length than width.

Front 3

Femur

Back 3

Thigh bone

Hint 3

Longest and strongest

Front 4

Tibia

Back 4

Medial leg bone

Hint 4

Shin bone

Front 5

Fibula

Back 5

Lateral leg bone

Front 6

Metatarsals

Back 6

Foot bones

Front 7

Phalanges

Back 7

Finger and toe bones

Front 8

Humerous

Back 8

Arm bone

Front 9

Radius

Back 9

Lateral forearm bone

Front 10

Ulna

Back 10

Medial forearm bone

Front 11

Metacarpals

Back 11

Hand bones

Front 12

Clavicle

Back 12

Collar bone

Front 13

Short bones

Back 13

Nearly equal length and width

Front 14

Carpal

Back 14

Wrist bones

Front 15

Tarsal

Back 15

Ankle bones

Front 16

Flat bones

Back 16

Two nearly parallel plates of bone

Front 17

Cranial

Back 17

Skull bones

Front 18

Sternum

Back 18

Breast bone

Front 19

Scapula

Back 19

Shoulder blade

Front 20

Coxal

Back 20

Hip bone

Front 21

Irregular bones

Back 21

Have complex shapes

Front 22

Vertebrae

Back 22

Back bones

Front 23

Sesamoid bones

Back 23

Small bones embedded in tendons

Front 24

Patella

Back 24

Knee cap

Front 25

Physis

Back 25

Growth plates

Front 26

Epiphysis

Back 26

End of the bone

Front 27

Diaphysis

Back 27

Shaft of the bone

Front 28

Articulation

Back 28

Joint

Front 29

Articulate

Back 29

To form a joint

Front 30

Articular

Back 30

Found at a joint

Front 31

Articular cartilage

Back 31

Hyaline cartilage that covers the end of the bone

Front 32

Periosteum

Back 32

Fibrous membrane that covers the shaft of the bone

Front 33

Compact bone tissue

Back 33

Forms the hard bone found in the shafts

Front 34

Cortex

Back 34

Outer covering

Front 35

Medulla

Back 35

Deeper portion

Front 36

Spongy bone tissue

Back 36

Irregularly shaped spaces

Front 37

Medulla cavity

Back 37

Hollow chamber in the shaft filled with red bone marrow

Front 38

Marrow

Back 38

Connective tissue that fills space in spongey bone tissue

Front 39

Red bone marrow

Back 39

Produces red and white blood cells

Front 40

Yellow bone marrow

Back 40

Inactive blood-producing cells filling with fatty material

Front 41

Osteoblasts

Back 41

Cells that build bone tissue

Front 42

Osteoclasts

Back 42

Cells the break down and reabsorb bone tissue

Front 43

Cranium

Back 43

Frontal, parietal, occipital,temporal,sphenoid, ethmoid

Hint 43

Forms a protective structure for the brain (skull)

Front 44

Face

Back 44

Maxilla, Palatine, zygomatic, lacrimal, nasal, vomer, interior nasal concha, mandible

Hint 44

Forms the eyes, nose, cheeks, mouth and jaw

Front 45

Inner ear bones

Back 45

Mallets, incus, stapes

Hint 45

Forms the internal structure of the ears

Front 46

Malleus

Back 46

Hammer

Front 47

Incus

Back 47

Anvil

Front 48

Stapes

Back 48

Stirrup

Front 49

Cochlea

Back 49

Transmits sound waves into electrical impulses to the brain, producing sound

Front 50

Hyoid

Back 50

Doesn't articulate with any other bone in the body

Front 51

Vertebrae

Back 51

26

Front 52

Cervical vertebrae

Back 52

7 vertebrae of the neck

Front 53

Thoracic vertebrae

Back 53

12 vertebrae of the back

Front 54

Lumbar vertebrae

Back 54

5 vertebrae of the lower back

Front 55

Sacrum

Back 55

Butt bone

Front 56

Coccyx

Back 56

Tail bone

Front 57

C1

Back 57

Atlas

Front 58

C2

Back 58

Axis

Front 59

Atlantoaxial joint

Back 59

C1 and C2

Hint 59

Pivot joint

Front 60

Ribs

Back 60

24

Front 61

Carpals

Back 61

16

Hint 61

Wrist bones

Front 62

Metacarpals

Back 62

10

Hint 62

Hand bones

Front 63

Phalanxes

Back 63

28

Hint 63

Fingers

Front 64

Tarsals

Back 64

14

Hint 64

Ankle bones

Front 65

Metatarsals

Back 65

10

Hint 65

Foot bones

Front 66

Phalanxes

Back 66

28

Hint 66

Toe bones

Front 67

Synarthrosis

Back 67

Immovable joint

Hint 67

Skull

Front 68

Ampiarthrosis

Back 68

Slightly moveable joint

Hint 68

Sacroiliac

Front 69

Diarthosis

Back 69

Freely moveable joint

Hint 69

Hip, shoulder

Front 70

Diathrotic joints

Back 70

Pivot joint, hinge, ball and socket, gliding, saddle

Front 71

Pivot joint

Back 71

Allows for rotation

Hint 71

Atlantoaxial joint, proximal radioulnar joint

Front 72

Hinge

Back 72

Allows for flexing and extension

Hint 72

Elbow, knees, fingers and toes

Front 73

Ball and socket

Back 73

Allows for the greatest range of movement

Hint 73

Hips and shoulders

Front 74

Gliding

Back 74

Small flat surfaces that slip and slide

Hint 74

Spine, wrist and ankles, hands and feet

Front 75

Saddle

Back 75

Have concave articular surfaces

Hint 75

Base of the thumb and sternoclavicular joint

Front 76

Flexion

Back 76

Decrease in the angle

Front 77

Extension

Back 77

Increase in the angle

Front 78

Hyperextension

Back 78

Continuation of extension

Front 79

Abduction

Back 79

Away from midline

Front 80

Adduction

Back 80

Toward the midline

Front 81

Internal rotation

Back 81

Around axis toward the midline

Hint 81

Medial rotation

Front 82

External rotation

Back 82

Around axis away from midline

Hint 82

Lateral rotation

Front 83

Circumduction

Back 83

Circle

Front 84

Protraction

Back 84

Movement forwards

Front 85

Retration

Back 85

Movement backwards

Front 86

Plantarflexion

Back 86

Foot down

Front 87

Dorsiflexion

Back 87

Foot up

Front 88

Pronation

Back 88

Forearm turns posteriorly and inferiorly

Front 89

Supination

Back 89

Forearm turns anteriorly and superiorly

Front 90

Inversion

Back 90

Sole of the Foot inward

Front 91

Eversion

Back 91

Sole of the Foot outward

Front 92

Fracture

Back 92

Break or rupture in a bone

Front 93

Simple fracture

Back 93

Clean break through the entire bone

Hint 93

Closed fracture

Front 94

compound fracture

Back 94

Distorted break, with splintering and fragmentation, pokes through skin, most dangerous

Hint 94

Open fracture

Front 95

Greenstick fracture

Back 95

Incomplete break, No clear division

Front 96

Comminuted fracture

Back 96

Multiple fragments with clear separation

Front 97

Spiral fracture

Back 97

Corkscrew fracture line

Front 98

Dislocation

Back 98

When a bone is displaced within a joint

Front 99

Reduction

Back 99

Re-aligning of the bones

Front 100

Sprain

Back 100

Over stretching of a ligament

Front 101

Class 1 sprain

Back 101

Minimal loss of function

Front 102

Class 2 sprain

Back 102

Ligament is torn with some loss of function

Front 103

Class 3 sprain

Back 103

Most severe, internal bleeding and severe loss of function

Front 104

Bursitis

Back 104

Inflammation of a bursa

Front 105

Bursa

Back 105

Small connective tissue sac with an inner lining of synovial membrane

Front 106

Arthritis

Back 106

Inflammation of a joint

Front 107

Sarco

Back 107

Skeletal muscle cell

Front 108

Myofibril

Back 108

Long strands of cable-like protein

Hint 108

Pulling proteins

Front 109

Acting and myosin

Back 109

Make up the myofibrils

Front 110

Sarcomere

Back 110

Actin and myosin unit

Front 111

Transverse tubules

Back 111

Transmits impulses through the cell

Front 112

Sarcoplasmic reticulum

Back 112

Releases calcium ions

Front 113

Neuromuscular/myoneural junction

Back 113

Where the muscle cell and nerve fiber meet.

Front 114

Motor unit

Back 114

A motor nerve and all the muscle cells that it controls

Front 115

Neurotransmitter

Back 115

Bridges the gap between the nerve end and muscle cell

Front 116

Acetylcholine

Back 116

Creates an impulse that immediately travels throughout the muscle cell

Front 117

Adenosine triphosphate

Back 117

Energy molecule

Hint 117

ATP

Front 118

Aerobic cellular respiration

Back 118

Takes place in the cells' mitochondria and is responsible for the majority of the sustained energy supply for the constant replenishing of ATP

Front 119

Anaerobic cellular respiration

Back 119

Glucose is broken down to make some ATP and produces pyruvic acid.

Front 120

Oxygen debt

Back 120

When the body uses more oxygen than normal

Front 121

Muscle fatigue

Back 121

When the muscles quit responding because the oxygen debt becomes extreme

Front 122

Irritability

Back 122

Ability to react to a stimulus

Hint 122

Excitability

Front 123

Contractility

Back 123

Ability to shorten

Hint 123

Contract

Front 124

Extensibility

Back 124

Ability to stretch

Front 125

Elasticity

Back 125

Abort to return to It's original shape

Front 126

Spasm

Back 126

Sudden involuntary muscle contraction

Front 127

Strains

Back 127

Over stretching of a muscle or tendon

Front 128

Grade 1 strain

Back 128

Some pain, No loss of function

Front 129

Grade 2 strain

Back 129

Considerable pain, some loss of function

Front 130

Grade 3 strain

Back 130

Most severe, total or near total loss of function

Front 131

Hypertrophy

Back 131

Increase in the size of the muscle

Front 132

Atrophy

Back 132

Decrease in the size of the muscle

Front 133

Fibrosis

Back 133

Formation of fibrous tissue (scar tissue) within normal tissue

Front 134

Myofibrosis

Back 134

Formation of fibrous tissue within the muscle tissue

Front 135

Fibrositis / Myofibrositis

Back 135

Inflammatory conditions of fibrous tissues

Front 136

Muscular dystrophy

Back 136

Genetic disorder that causes a progressive degeneration of voluntary muscles

Front 137

Isometric

Back 137

No movement but the muscle is contracting

Front 138

Isotonic

Back 138

Muscle is contracting and there is movement

Front 139

Concentric isotonic contraction

Back 139

The muscle gets shorter

Front 140

Eccentric isotonic contraction

Back 140

The muscle gets longer

Front 141

Muscle tone

Back 141

When a muscle is firm even at rest

Front 142

Origin

Back 142

The stationary attachment

Front 143

Insertion

Back 143

The moveable attachment

Front 144

Belly

Back 144

The fleshy part of the muscle

Front 145

Prime mover

Back 145

Causes the desired action

Hint 145

Agonist

Front 146

Antagonist

Back 146

Stretches and yields to the prime mover

Front 147

Synergist

Back 147

Serve to steady a movement

Front 148

Fixators

Back 148

Stabilize the origin of the prime mover.