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47 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Navigation Acts
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created by Charles II
English gov't extended mercantilist policies to the American colonies excluded Dutch merchants from the English colonies goods imported into England or their colonies be transported on English ships |
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William Penn
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Quakers to settlement of Pennsylvania
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the Quakers
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Pennsylvania and western NJ, dominant social group at first because of numbers and later because of wealth and social cohesion
pacifists bought land instead of taking it from Native Americans |
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James II
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Charles II's younger brother
believed in divine right and absolute monarchy carries out God given mission Catholic- big deal in Protestant England stepped down and fled England |
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Rights of Englishmen
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English Bill of Rights (result of Glorious Revolution)
make sure the king recognizes the rights: freedom of speech, no taxation without representation, no excessive fines, no cruel or unusual punishment, no army in peacetime, right to bear arms |
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Glorious Revolution
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bloodless
James II steps down from throne (too Catholic for England) Mary (daughter of James II) and William of Orange put on the throne signs English Bill of Rights |
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Dominion of New England
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started by Charles II
Edmund Andros asserted control and established the royal colony (mini-tyrant) violated Rights of Englishmen sent back to England by colonists after Glorious Revolution |
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Leisler's Rebellion
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revolt in New York where German Jacob Leisler took control of colony
result of Glorious Revolution ruled 1689-1691until royal authority was restored and a governor was sent |
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English Bill of Rights
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make sure the king recognizes the rights: freedom of speech, no taxation without representation, no excessive fines, no cruel or unusual punishment, no army in peacetime, right to bear arms
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the Middle Passage
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Passage between Africa and North America that specialized in the trading of slaves
1/3 of slaves died in the passage (unsure if correct fraction...?) |
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Olaudah Equiano
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rominent African involved in the British movement for the abolition of the slave trade
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salutary neglect
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British policy towards colonies- they don't micromanage the colonies
colonies can adapt policies, rules, and regulations that work for them "imperial federalism"- colonies could handle little things (taxes, education, postal matters) while Britain handled more important things (currency, imperial defense) |
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the Scots-Irish
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descendants of Presbyterian and other Protestant dissenters
because they settled the frontier of Pennsylvania and western Virginia, they were in the midst of the French and Indian War and Pontiac’s Rebellion frequently in conflict with the Indian tribes who lived on the other side of the frontier Paxton Boys |
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the Enlightenment
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key ideas:
deism (God created the universe with natural laws and let it run by itself) liberalism (promoting individual rights) republicanism (elected officials) progress (natural laws-free market, natural rights and John Locke in Social Contract Theory) toleration (Voltaire, Religion, John Locke's A Letter Concerning Toleration, Ben Franklin, Thomas Jefferson) intellectual |
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Ben Franklin
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believed in a religiously tolerant society that will promote virtue
role of religion in a republic is to promote and nurture virtue |
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the Great Awakening
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social and religious movement
Pietism: finding God's love and embracing it, more emotion and about the heart (not knowledge like enlightenment) reaction to enlightenment revivals of camp meetings and gatherings spiritual revivals- reborn when God enters you (personal conversion) |
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Jonathan Edwards
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intellectual
Reconcile Puritan beliefs and Great Awakening preached the sermon "Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God" Pietist stimulated conversation up and down Connecticut River Valley |
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"Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God"
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written by Jonathan Edwards
men and women helpless, completely dependent on God contributed to Enlightenment thought |
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George Whitefield
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spreads Great Awakening throughout the colonies and brings to the masses
threatened Old Lights impressed Ben Franklin |
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New Lights
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personal conversion
clergy supported ideas of Great Awakening |
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Old Lights
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old school clergy
traditional clergy conservative clergy follow the religious doctrine |
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the Baptists
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Roger William started the first Baptist church in Rhode Island
Baptism spread across the colonies ended up opening many baptist universities |
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the French and Indian War
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Britain wants to expand west, but the Native American, and the French are in the way
Indian alliance gradually weakened and British military, after the defeat in Delaware Pontiac and his allies accepted the British as their new political fathers. |
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Albany Plan
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Delegates from many of Britain’s mainland colonies denied any design on Iroquois lands
asked the Indians for their help against New France |
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the Paxton Boys
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1763 Scots-Irish Paxton Boys took matters into their own hands and massacred twenty members of the peaceful Conestoga tribe
Prosecution of Paxton Boys failed for lack of witness, & Scots-Irish dropped their demands that the Indians be expelled left a racial hatred and political resentment |
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the Regulators
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Group of landowning vigilantes
tried to suppress outlaw bands of whites that were stealing cattle and other property Political Goals were demanded that eastern controlled government provide western districts with more courts and greater representation in the assembly |
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Proclamation of 1763
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Issued Oct. 7, 2013 by King George the III
Followed by acquisition of French Territory in North America Purpose of Proclamation was to organize Britain’s new North American power and to stabilize relations w/Native Americans through regulation of trade, settlement, and land purchase on western front Forbade settlers to settle west, past a line drawn down the Appalachian Mountains. |
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Sugar Act
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Started by George Greenville
revenue raising act passed by parliament on April 5, 1764 Replaced the widely ignored Molasses act of 1733 New England ports especially suffered economic losses from the sugar acts Slowly raised all prices and many shopkeepers and merchants fear they are over priced so no one will go there. |
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vice-admiralty courts
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a maritime tribunal presided over by a British appointed judge
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Stamp Act
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Greenville’s goal was to raise revenue but also to assert a constitutional principle: "Right of parliament to lay an internal Tax upon the colonies”
1765 Tax require stamps on all court docs, land titles, contracts, playing cards, newspapers, and other printed items |
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actual representation
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Every person can vote for a representative
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virtual representation
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even individuals who cannot or do not vote are represented in the legislature by similar voters who can and do vote
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Stamp Act Congress
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a meeting held between October 7 -25th , 1765 in New York City
Consisting of representatives from some of the British colonies in North America first gathering of elected representatives from several of the American colonies to devise a unified protest against new British taxation |
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Sons of Liberty
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Colonists primarily middling merchants and artisans who banded together to protest the Stamp Act and other imperial refrms of the 1760s
The group originated in Boston in 1765 but soon spread to all the colonies |
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Declaratory Act (1766)
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Act by the Parliament which accompanied the repeal of the Stamp Act 1765 because boycotts were hurting British trade and used the declaration to justify the repeal and save face
stated that Parliament's authority was the same in America as in Britain and asserted Parliament's authority to pass laws that were binding on the American colonies |
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Townshend Act (1767)
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purpose to raise revenue in the colonies to pay the salaries of governors and judges so that they would be independent of colonial rule, to create a more effective means of enforcing compliance with trade regulations, to punish the province of New York for failing to comply with the 1765 Quartering Act, and to establish the precedent that the British Parliament had the right to tax the colonies.
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Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania
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series of essays written by the Pennsylvania lawyer and legislator John Dickinson (1732–1808)
published under the name "A Farmer" from 1767 to 1768 12 letters were widely read and reprinted throughout the thirteen colonies important in uniting the colonists against the Townshend Acts |
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Boston Massacre
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incident on March 5, 1770
British Army soldiers killed five civilian men and injured six others British troops had been stationed in Boston, capital of the Province of Massachusetts Bay, since 1768 in order to protect and support crown-appointed colonial officials attempting to enforce unpopular Parliamentary legislation |
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Tea Act (1773)
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Its principal overt objective was to reduce the massive surplus of tea held by the financially troubled British East India Company in its London warehouses and to help the struggling company survive
to undercut the price of tea smuggled into Britain's North American colonies convince the colonists to purchase Company tea on which the Townshend duties were paid, thus implicitly agreeing to accept Parliament's right of taxation. |
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Boston Tea Party
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Sons of Liberty in Boston against the tax policy of the British government and the East India Company that controlled all the tea imported into the colonies
On December 16, 1773 officials in Boston refused to return three shiploads of taxed tea to Britain, a group of colonists boarded the ships and destroyed the tea by throwing it into Boston Harbor iconic event of American history, and other political protests often refer to it |
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Coercive Acts
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series of punitive laws passed by the British Parliament in 1774 relating to Massachusetts after the Boston Tea party
stripped Massachusetts of self-government and historic rights, triggering outrage and resistance in the Thirteen Colonies key developments in the outbreak of the American Revolution in 1775 Four of the acts were issued in direct response to the Boston Tea Party of December 1773; the British Parliament hoped these punitive measures would reverse the trend of colonial resistance to parliamentary authority that had begun with the 1765 Stamp Act |
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First Continental Congress
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a convention of delegates from twelve colonies (Georgia was not present) that met on September 5, 1774, at Carpenters' Hall in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, early in the American Revolution
called in response to the passage of the Coercive Acts (also known as Intolerable Acts by the Colonial Americans) by the British Parliament attended by 56 members appointed by the legislatures of twelve of the Thirteen Colonies Georgia was hoping for British assistance with Indian problems on its frontier |
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Thomas Paine
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As the author of two highly influential pamphlets at the start of the American Revolution, he inspired the Patriots in 1776 to declare independence from Britain
ideas reflected Enlightenment era rhetoric of transnational human rights |
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Common Sense
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pamphlet written by Thomas Paine
first published anonymously on January 10, 1776, at the beginning of the American Revolution signed "Written by an Englishman", and it became an immediate success had the largest sale and circulation of any book published in American history presented the American colonists with an argument for freedom from British rule at a time when the question of seeking independence was still undecided |
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2nd Continental Congress
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convention of delegates from the thirteen colonies that started meeting on May 10, 1775, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, soon after warfare in the American Revolutionary War had begun.
managed the colonial war effort moved incrementally towards independence, adopting the United States Declaration of Independence on July 4, 1776 By raising armies, directing strategy, appointing diplomats, and making formal treaties, the Congress acted as the de facto national government of what became the United States |
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Thomas Jefferson
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American Founding Father, the principal author of the Declaration of Independence (1776) and the third President of the United States (1801–1809)
spokesman for democracy and the rights of man with worldwide influence At the beginning of the American Revolution, he served in the Continental Congress, representing Virginia and then served as a wartime Governor of Virginia (1779–1781) after the war ended, from mid-1784 Jefferson served as a diplomat, stationed in Paris. In May 1785, he became the United States Minister to France. |
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Declaration of Independence
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a statement adopted by the Continental Congress on July 4, 1776
announced that the 13 American colonies regarded themselves as independent states and no longer a part of the British Empire formed a union that would become a new nation—the United States of America John Adams was a leader in pushing for independence, which was unanimously approved on July 2 A committee had already drafted the formal declaration, to be ready when congress voted on independence. |
