Unit 2

Front 1

Saturated fat

Back 1

Maximum number of hydrogen atoms possible and no double bonds. Solid at room temp

Front 2

Unsaturated fats

Back 2

One or more double bonds causes kinks in molecules liquid at room temp

Front 3

Hydrogenation

Back 3

Process of converting uf to sf by adding hydrogen.

Front 4

What affects proteins shape

Back 4

The sequence of amino acids, DNA

Front 5

Primary protein

Back 5

Unique sequence of amino acids

Front 6

Secondary protein

Back 6

Coils and folds in polypeptide chain

Front 7

Tertiary protein

Back 7

Determined by interactions amoung various side chains

Front 8

Quaternary protein

Back 8

Results when protein consists of multiple polypeptide chains

Front 9

Difference between hydrolysis and dehydration reactions

Back 9

Dehydration occurs when 2 monomers bind together through the loss of a water molecule while hydrolysis is essentially the reverse where polymers are dissembled to monomers

Front 10

Pyrimidine

Back 10

Single six membered ring

Front 11

What bases are pyrimidines

Back 11

Cytosine thymine and uracil

Front 12

Purines

Back 12

Have a six membered ring fused to a five membered ring

Front 13

What bases are purines

Back 13

Adenine and guanine

Front 14

Glycogen

Back 14

Storage polysaccharide in animals. Stored mainly in liver and muscle cells

Front 15

Cellulose

Back 15

Major component of the tough wall of plant cells. Polymer of glucose. Molecules are straight and branched. Can't digest.

Front 16

Starch

Back 16

Storage polysaccharide of plants. Entirely made of glucose monomers. Linkage differs than cellulose. Largely helical and can digest

Front 17

Chitin

Back 17

Structural polysaccharide found in exoskeleton of arthopods. Provides structural support for the cell wall of many fungi

Front 18

What is an enzyme

Back 18

Specialized macromolecules that speed up chemical reactions such as those that make or break down polymers.

Front 19

Enzymatic proteins

Back 19

Selective acceleration of chemical reactions

Front 20

Example of enzymatic proteins

Back 20

Digestive enzymes catalyze the hydrolysis of bonds in food molecules

Front 21

Defensive proteins

Back 21

Protects against diseases

Front 22

Example of defensive protein

Back 22

Antibodies inactivate and help destroy viruses and bacteria

Front 23

Storage protein

Back 23

Storage of amino acids

Front 24

Example of storage protein

Back 24

Casein, protein of milk, is the major source of amino acids for baby mammal

Front 25

Transport protein

Back 25

Transport of substances

Front 26

Example of transport proteins

Back 26

Hemoglobin, the iron containing protein of vertebrate blood transport oxygen from the lungs to other parts of body

Front 27

Hormonal protein

Back 27

Coordination of an organisms activities

Front 28

Example of hormonal proteins

Back 28

Insulin, causes other tissues to take up glucose to regulate blood sugar concentration

Front 29

Receptor protein

Back 29

Response of cell to chemical stimuli

Front 30

Example of receptor protein

Back 30

Receptor built into the membrane kf a nerve cell detect signaling molecules released by other nerve cells

Front 31

Contractile and motor protein

Back 31

Movement

Front 32

Example of contractile and motor

Back 32

Motor proteins are responsible for the undulations of cilia and flagella. Actin and myosin proteins are responsible for the contractions of muscle

Front 33

Structural protein

Back 33

Support

Front 34

Example of structural protein

Back 34

Keratin is the protein of hair horns and feather and other skin appendages

Front 35

Differences between cilia and flagella

Back 35

Flagella is long and complex while cilia is like tiny hairs that move by waving back and forth

Front 36

Cytoskeleton

Back 36

Network of fibers extending throughout the cytoplasm. It organizes the cells structure and activities

Front 37

Microtubule

Back 37

Made of tubulin. Maintenance of the cell shape cell motility, chromosome movements in cell division and organelle movement

Front 38

Microfilaments

Back 38

Two intertwined strands of actin. Maintance of cell shape, changes in cell shape, muscle contraction, cytoplasmic streaming in plant cells, cell motility, and division in animal cells

Front 39

Intermediate filaments

Back 39

Fibrous proteins coiled into cables. Maintenance of cell shape, Anchorage of nucleus and certain organelles, formations of nuclear lamina.

Front 40

Types of cell junctions

Back 40

Plasmodesmata tight junctions desmosome and gap junctions

Front 41

Plasmodesmata

Back 41

Channels that perforate plant cell walls. Water and small solutes can pass from cell to cell

Front 42

Tight junction

Back 42

Membranes of neighboring cells are pressed together preventing leakage of extracellular fluid

Front 43

Desmosome

Back 43

Fasten cells together into strong sheets

Front 44

Gap junctions

Back 44

Provides cytoplasmic channels between adjacent cells

Front 45

What is cell fractionation used for?

Back 45

Takes cells apart and separates major organelles so scientists can determine the functions of organelles.

Front 46

Magnification

Back 46

ratio of an object's image size to its real size

Front 47

Resolution

Back 47

Measure of the clarity of the image or minimum distance of 2 distinguishable points

Front 48

Contrast

Back 48

Visible difference in brightness between parts of the sample

Front 49

Refraction

Back 49

Bending of light

Front 50

Example of eukaryotic cell

Back 50

People animals protists and plants

Front 51

Example of prokaryotic cell

Back 51

Domains bacteria and archea

Front 52

Nucleus

Back 52

Contains most if the DNA in eukaryotic cells

Front 53

Rough ER

Back 53

Secrete glycoproteins, distributes transport vesicles and membrane factory for cell

Front 54

Smooth ER

Back 54

Metabolizes carbs. Detoxifies drugs and poisons

Front 55

Golgi apparatus

Back 55

Modifies products of ER manufactures certain macromolecules. Sorts and packages materials

Front 56

Lysosome

Back 56

Membranous sac of hydrolytic enzymes that can digest macromolecules

Front 57

Mitochondria

Back 57

Site of cellular respiration. Generate ATP

Front 58

Chloroplasts

Back 58

Site of photosynthesis

Front 59

Peroxisomes

Back 59

Produce hydrogen peroxide and converts to water

Front 60

Functions of membrane proteins

Back 60

Transport, enzymatic activity, signal transduction, cell-cell recognition, intercellular joining, attachment to the cytoskeleton and extracellular matrix

Front 61

What is cell to cell recognition

Back 61

Cell recognize each other by binding to molecules on the extracellular surface of the plasma membrane

Front 62

Isotonic solution

Back 62

Solution is same inside and outside cell. No net water movement. Animal is normal and plant is flaccid

Front 63

Hypertonic solution

Back 63

Solute concentration is greater than that inside cell. Cell loses water. Animal is shriveled and plant is plasmolyzed

Front 64

Hypotonic solution.

Back 64

Solute concentration is less than that inside cell. Cell gains water. Animal is lysed and plant is normal

Front 65

Types of pumps in cell membranes

Back 65

Sodium potassium, ion, electrogenic, and proton

Front 66

Sodium potassium pump

Back 66

Pumps sodium and potassium in and out of cell

Front 67

Ion pump

Back 67

Pumps positive and negative ions

Front 68

Electrogenic pump

Back 68

Transport proteins that generates voltage across membrane

Front 69

Proton pump.

Back 69

Sorry energy that can be used for cellular work

Front 70

Mechanism of co-transport

Back 70

Occurs when active transport of a solute indirectly drives transport of other substances

Front 71

Types of bulk transport

Back 71

Endocytosis, exocytosis, phagocytosis, pinocytosis, and receptor-mediated

Front 72

Exocytosis

Back 72

Transport vesicles migrate to the membrane fuse with it and release their contents outside the cell.

Front 73

Endocytosis

Back 73

Cell takes in macromolecules by forming vesicles from the plasma membrane

Front 74

Phagocytosis

Back 74

Cellular eating. Membrane encloses and enfulfs

Front 75

Pinocytosis

Back 75

Cellular drinking. Dissolves inside cell

Front 76

Receptor mediated

Back 76

Brings receptors and molecules in cell

Front 77

Catabolic reaction

Back 77

Release energy by breaking down complex molecules into simpler compounds. Example cellular respiration

Front 78

Anabolic reaction

Back 78

Consume energy to build comoelx molecules from simpler ones. Example synthesis of protein from amino acid

Front 79

4 forms of energy

Back 79

Kinetic,heat, potential and chemical

Front 80

Kinetic

Back 80

Energy associated with motion

Front 81

Heat energy

Back 81

Kinetic energy associated with random movements of atoms or molecules

Front 82

Potential energy

Back 82

Energy that matter possesses because of its location or structure

Front 83

Chemical energy

Back 83

potential energy available for release in a chemical reaction

Front 84

1st law of thermodynamics

Back 84

Energy. An be transferred and transformed but it cannot be created or destroyed

Front 85

2nd law of thermodynamics

Back 85

Every energy transfer it transformation increases the entropy of the universe.

Front 86

Spontaneous processes

Back 86

Occur without energy input quickly or slowly

Front 87

Exogonic reaction

Back 87

Proceeds with a net release of free energy and is spontaneous

Front 88

Endergonic reaction

Back 88

Absorbs free energy from its surrounding and is nonspontaneous

Front 89

Equilibrium

Back 89

State of maximum stabitiy

Front 90

Energy coupling

Back 90

The use of an exergonic process to drive an endergonic one

Front 91

Three types of cellular work

Back 91

Chemical transport and mechanical

Front 92

ATP

Back 92

Composed of ribosomes adenine and three phosphate groups and can be regenerated

Front 93

Competitive inhibition

Back 93

Bind to the active site of an enzyme competing with the substance

Front 94

Noncompetitive inhibition

Back 94

Bind to another part of an enzyme causing the enzyme to change shape and making the active site less effective

Front 95

Cooperativity

Back 95

Form of allosteric regulation that can amplify enzyme activity