Unit 1.1

Front 1

Arenes

Back 1

Aromatic hydrocarbons with one or more benzene ring

Front 2

4 examples of products benzene can produce.

Back 2

Explosives, dyestuffs, pharmaceuticals and detergents

Front 3

Two natural sources of arenes

Back 3

Crude oil and coal

Front 4

Two natural sources of benzene

Back 4

Volcanoes and forest fires

Front 5

Carcinogenic

Back 5

Any chemical which can cause cancer in humans

Front 6

Problems with kekule's model

Back 6

If there were c=c then addition reactions would occur but they do not. Only reacts with br2 with a halogen carrier

Bond length is an intermediate between short C=C and long C-C

The enthalpy change of hydrogenation is less exothermic than expected

Front 7

Benzene structure and bonding

Back 7

-P orbital above and below the carbon plane overlap and form a high electron density PIE ring.

-Hexagonal planar ring, trigonal planar round each carbon, bond angles 120.

-4 electrons in carbons outer shell, 3 are bonded

-6 electrons 6 carbons C6H6

Front 8

Delocalised

Back 8

Electrons which do not belong to a specific carbon but are shared between carbons

Front 9

Why does benzene undergo electrophilic substitution

Back 9

To maintain its stability

Front 10

Nitration of benzene

Back 10

Concentrated nitric acid

Concentrated sulphuric acid

50 degrees

Produces water

Round bottom flask

Front 11

Three uses of nitrobenzene

Back 11

Dye preperation, pharmaceuticals, pesticides.

Front 12

Why must nitration be below 50 degrees?

Back 12

So no more than one NO2 group substitutes.

Front 13

Electrophilic substitution steps in benzene

Back 13

-electrophilie attracted and a electron pair accepted, forming a covalent bond

-benzene becomes unstable so rapidly lose its h and the electron ring reforms

Front 14

Why is cyclohexene more reactive with br2 than benzene?

Back 14

Alkenes have localised pi electrons which can polarise br2 and have a higher electron density than benzene. Electrophiles less attracted to benzene and more energy is required to break the pi cloud.

Front 15

Phenol and sodium hydroxide

Back 15

Water and sodium phenoxide salt

Front 16

Phenol and sodium

Back 16

Sodium phenoxide and hydrogen gas

Front 17

Why does phenol react with bromine at room temperature??

Back 17

The lone pair of electrons in oxygen 's p orbital it drawn into the delocalised electron ring which created a higher electron density and activates the ring. This means bromine can be polarised.

Front 18

Two uses of alkyl phenols

Back 18

Surfactants, detergents

Front 19

Two uses of chlorophyll phenols

Back 19

Antiseptics, disenfectants

Front 20

4 uses of phenols

Back 20

Epoxy resin for paints, aspirin, pharmaceuticals and dyes

Front 21

What would you see when bromine water is added to phenol?

Back 21

Turns from Orange to colourless and a white precipitate is formed

Front 22

When oxidising acidified potassium dichromate changes from...

Back 22

Orange to green

Front 23

Reducing agent

Back 23

NaBH4

Front 24

How can you detect the precence of an aldehyde or a ketone?

Back 24

Add bradys reagent (2,4-DNP) and an orange precipitate will form.

Front 25

Ethanoic acid and Na react together to form...

Back 25

Sodium ethonoate and hydrogen gas.

Front 26

Propanpic acid and potassium hydroxide reacts together to form...

Back 26

Potassium propanoate and water

Front 27

Methanoic acid and sodium carbonate reacts to form...

Back 27

Sodium methonoate, carbon dioxide and water

Front 28

Acid anhydride and alcohol with gentle heat reacts to form...

Back 28

An ester and a carboxylic acid

Front 29

How do you form an acid anhydride

Back 29

The removal of a water molecule from two carboxylic acid molecules

Front 30

Acid hydrolysis conditions and reagents

Back 30

Water, aq HCL, reflux

Front 31

Alkali hyrolysis conditions

Back 31

Reflux, aq sodium hydroxide

Front 32

Three uses of esters

Back 32

Perfumes, solvents and flavourings

Front 33

When an unsaturated fat has one double bond it is refered to as a...

Back 33

Mono unsaturated fat

Front 34

Octadeca-9,12,-enoic acid written in short hand

Back 34

18:2 (9,12)

Front 35

Glycerol and 3 fatty acids under reflux with conc. H2SO4

Back 35

Triglyceride ester

Front 36

Why are trans fats bad for us?

Back 36

Increase the amount of LDL'S in the blood and decrease the amount of HDL's

Front 37

What is biodeisel

Back 37

Ethyl or methyl ester of a fatty acid

Front 38

name this compound (CH3CH2)NH(CH3)

Back 38

N-methyly ethyl amine

Front 39

Propyl amine and hydrochloric acid forms

Back 39

Propyl ammonium chloride

Front 40

What do you need to prepare amines from halogenoalkanes?

Back 40

Ethanol and NH3

Front 41

What conditions are required to reduce nitrobenzene to phenylamine?

Back 41

Sn (tin) concentrated HCL heated under reflux

Front 42

What is needed to form benzadizonium chloride from phenyl amine?

Back 42

HCL aq NaNO2 below 10 degress

Front 43

How do you form an aozo dye from benzendiazonium chloride?

Back 43

NaOH, alkaline conditions, phenol

Front 44

What are fatty acids?

Back 44

Long chain carboxylic acids

Front 45

Curly arrow

Back 45

Movement of a pair of electrons to either make or break a bond

Front 46

How to male tolled reagent/ ammoniacal silver nitrate

Back 46

Aq NaOH added to aq silver nitrate until a brown precipitate of silver oxide forms. Dilute aq amonia is added until precipitate just disolves.

Front 47

What is the oxidising species in tollens reagent?

Back 47

Silver ion which gets reduced to silver metal

Front 48

Trans isomer

Back 48

E isomer

Different sides

Front 49

Why is reflux used?

Back 49

To prevent loss of reactants and products via evaporation

Front 50

Primary amine

Back 50

A compound containing nitrogen where the nitrogen is attached to one carbon only