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16 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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molecules of life |
water, inorganic ion and small organic- 75% weight water- 75% volume amino acids- L-isomer sugars- D-isomer ATP- adenosine triphosphate- stores energy in 2 bonds 3 macromolecules, polysac, proteins, nucleic acid |
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process to convert code to protein |
transcription- DNA to RNA by RNA polymerase in eukaryotes- RNA to mRNA to be smaller
translation- mRNA to protein ribosome assembles- of 4 rna chains
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two cell types |
prokaryote- no defined nucleus, simple organization, one closed compartment eubacteria and archaea
eukaryote- defined membrane bound nucleus, internal membranes |
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eukaryotes
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10-100um all plants, animal, fungi, and protozoans (unicell) internal membranes are only one PL largest organelle= nucleus
ATP made in mito or chloro
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lysosome |
breakdown old parts
pH 5 pump H into using ATP energy |
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vacuole |
plants and fungi low pH to store salts and nutrients
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peroxisomes |
all eukaryotes break down lipids
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cytoplasm |
fibrous proteins- cytoskeleton microtubules- made of tubulin microfilaments- made of actin intermediate filaments- rods organizing the cell
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cell wall |
plants- celllulose fungi- chitin |
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DNA |
packed in chromosomes length and number of chromosome- same in all cell or organism but differ in the type of organism |
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cell division |
4 stages- mitosis G1- RNa and protein synthesis S phase- chromosomes and DNA are duplicated G2- double mass M phase- replicated chromosome separate-division
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endosymbiont theory |
endocytosis of bacterium by ancestral eukaryotic cell proteins localized to ancestral- RETAIN orientation bacterial genes are lost- that make nucleic, lipid, aa BC already done in ancestral mito/chloro- retain DNA secondary system with own DNA, ribo, tRNA
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number of genes and complexity |
NOT proportional worm has more genes than fly why? alternative splicing of pre-mRNA variations in post-translational modifications- functional differences increased complexity- more cells but same kinds of proteins- more cells= more complex combos |
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protein sorting pathways |
lack ER sequence- complete translation and released if organelle- imported into mito, chloro, pero, nucleus
have ER sequence- secretory path- ribosomes go to rough ER- proteins move through vesicles to GA then deliver to membrane or lysosome |
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2 types of protein sorting
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signal based targeting- target during translation, or soon after synthesis Membrane: insert protein into PL bilayer water soluble- across membrane into aqueous interior
vesicle based targeting- secretory path go across ER membrane- into native conformation by catalyst in ER lumen complete folding to go to GA, lysosome, membrane, or exterior |
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signal peptides |
20 aa long @ N terminus- 1st part of protein must interact with receptor to be transferred- couple with ATP to get in removed when mature
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