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66 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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metabolism |
chemical activity in organism |
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anabolism |
building complex molecules from simpler ones with input of energy |
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catabolism |
breaking complex molecules into simpler ones with output of energy |
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Isotopes |
different atoms with SAME element with SAME # of protons but DIFFERENT # of neutrons |
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radioisotopes |
radioactive atoms of element that DECAY into SMALLER atoms, SUBATOMIC particles, and ENERGY radiation types: alpha, beta, gamma rays |
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Half-life |
the TIME it takes for ONE half the nuclei in a radioactive sample to decay |
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The use of radioactive tracers in medicine: |
1. recognize cancerous areas 2. helps in studys 3. in images of tumerous |
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Intramolecular bond |
Ionic & covalent |
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ionic |
non and metal dissolves |
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covalent |
two non metals share electrons do not dissolve |
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determine bond type |
electronegativity: >1.7=ionic <0.2=pure covalent >0.2=polar covalent |
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intermolecular forces |
london dipole dipole hydrogen bond |
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properties of water |
1. solid floats on liquid 2. cohesive 3. adhesive 4. high heat capacity 5. universal solvent |
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acid |
~ pH < 7 An acid is a strong compound which dissociates in water and releases hydrogen ions into solution~ Acid strength increases as pH decreases~ Acids increase the number of H+ ions in a solution |
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base |
pH > 7 A base is a compound which dissociates in water and often releases hydroxide ions into solution~ Base strength increases as pH increases~ Bases decrease the number of hydrogen ions in solution |
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buffers |
chemical system that maintains the pH if its an acid or base is added by removing H ions or adding H ions BLOOD IS EX. |
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pH scale |
~ 0-6: Acids- Going down the line from 6-0, hydrogen increases while hydroxide decreases~ 7: H20~ 8-14: Bases- Going up the line from 8-14, hydrogen decreases while hydroxide increases |
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major macromolecules |
carbohydrates: monosaccharide lipids: glycerol + fatty acid proteins: amino acid nucleic acids: nucleotide |
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carbohydrates |
CHO 1:2:1 ratio |
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CARBOHYDRATES: monosaccharides |
6 carbons- hexose 5 carbons- pentose glucose - photosynthesis, fuel for cellular respiration, "blood sugar" fructose - sweet sugar ribose - part of nucleic acid structure |
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isomer |
same formula, different structure |
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CARBOHYDRATES: disaccharides |
double sugars releases a water molecule glucose + fructose = sucrose + h2O glucose + glucose = maltose + h2O |
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COndensation reaction |
two molecules join and a water molecule is released |
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lingkage between monosaccharide units |
glycosidic lingkage |
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hydrolysis |
large molecule splits into two subunits, water is needed |
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CARBOHYDRATE: Polysaccharride |
huge macromolecule 2 Functions: energy storage & structure |
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CARB - POLY: Starch |
plants; used for energy storage insoluble in water 2 types: amylose & amylopectin |
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CARB - POLY: Cellulose |
plants; used for structure - cell wall most abundant organic substance on earth |
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CARB - POLY: Gylcogen |
animals; energy storage; stored in livers |
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Lipids |
CHO divided into: fats, oils, waxes phospholipids steroids |
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why are lipids excellent energy storage compounds? |
2x the energy as carbs per gram |
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5 functions 4 lipids |
-insulation - absorbtion - protection - structure of cell membrane - hormones |
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why eating carbohydrates cause fat storage |
carbohydrate is converted to fat |
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LIPIDS - Fats, Oils, and Waxes: during break down of triglyceride what reactant is needed? |
H2O hydrolysis |
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LIPIDS - Fats, Oils, and Waxes: Plant fats |
unstaurated liquid corn oil bent molecule easy to breakdown |
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LIPIDS - Fats, Oils, and Waxes: animal fats |
staurated solid butter straight hard to breakdown |
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PROTEINS |
macomolecules w/ specific 3D shape CH,O,N + S |
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Functions of proteins |
- enzyme - catalysts rgulate metabolism - structure - hair, membrane - messengers - hormones - transport - carry material in body - antibody - defends body - energy - food reserves |
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PROTEINS: are made up of, how many types (#), found in..? |
amino acids 20 DNA |
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PROTEINS: two amino acids form? |
dipeptide peptide bond |
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PROTEINS: CLASSIFIED as |
- fibrous proteins: stringy, insoluble - Globular proteins: blobby, soluble |
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macromolecules |
polymers made of monomers |
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monomers |
linked togethers by condensation reaction seperated by hydrolysis |
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amino acid R-groups |
- polar - nonpolar - electrically charged - acidic or basic |
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R-groups can affect |
solubility position of proteins in membrane forming channels through membrane forming specific active sites in enzymes |
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PROTEIN STRUCTURE: Primary |
unique sequence of amino acids |
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PROTEIN STRUCTURE: Secondary |
btn peptide bonds coils and folds in a polypeptide caused by hydrogen bonds btn hydrogen and oxygen atoms near the peptide bond USUALLY TAKES FORM OF: alpha or beta |
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PROTEIN STRUCTURE: Tertiary Structure |
btn R-groups supercoiling of a polypeptide stabilized by side-chain interations including covalent bonds, |
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PROTEIN STRUCTURE:TERTIARY - disulfide bridges |
covalent bonds btn cysteine residues in a polypeptide that stabilizes tertiary structure |
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PROTEIN STRUCTURE:Quaternary |
more than one tertiary structure to complete a protein |
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LAWS OF THERMODYNAMICS |
-states that energy cannot be created or destroyed in a chemical reaction - in all energy exchanges, if no energy enters or leaves the system, the potential energy of the state will always be less than that of the initial state - entropy of a system approaches a constant value as the temperature approaches absolute zero |
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LAWS OF THERMODYNAMICS: entropy? |
the measure of a system's thermal energy per unit temperature that is unavailable for doing useful work |
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ENZYMES: substrate? |
the reactant that an enzyme acts on when it catalyzes a chemical reaction |
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ENZYMES: active site? |
location where the substrate binds to an enzyme |
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ENZYMES: substrate enzyme complex? |
an enzyme with its substrate attached to the activity site |
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ENZYMES:Induced fit model |
sunbstrate binds to an enzyme requires enzyme to "fit" into activity site done by modifying substrate to fit in activity site |
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ENZYMES: define |
an enzyme is a protein with a catalyctic function that speeds up the reaction. Many enzymes ... read quiz |
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ENZYMES: commercial uses |
baking: modification of flour brewing: chill-proofing dairy: cheese starch: soft drinks leather: unhairing |
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Active transport |
movement of material across the cell membrane against the concentration gradient and requires energy forms: protein pumps, exocytosis, endocytosis= pinocytosis & phagocytosis |
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Passive transport |
movement of material across the cell membrane with the concentration gradient and does not require energy forms: diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis |
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PASSIVE TRANSPORT: Diffusion |
movement of form a high concentration to a low concentration - particles bounce and collide randomly (brownian movement) until evenly dispersed Rate of diffusion affected by: temperature, pressure, and initial concentration |
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PASSIVE TRANSPORT: Osmosis |
movement of water across a semi-permeable membrane with concentration gradient Isotonic- same as cell hypotonic- more in cell than outside hypertonic- less in cell than outside |
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PASSIVE TRANSPORT:Facilitated |
diffusion is aided by protein channels in membrane (integral proteins) |
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ACTIVE TRANSPORT: Exocytosis |
exits out of cell |
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ACTIVE TRANSPORT: Endocytosis |
Into the cell Pinocytosis: liquids Phagocytosis: solids |
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ACTIVE TRANSPORT: Protein pumps |
cells unable to pass cell membrane due to non-polarity of fatty acid chains INTEGRAL PROTEINS provide pathways - energy is required |
