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28 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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policymaking institutions
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Congress, president, courts, bureaucracy
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political system
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people have interests/ problems/concerns; linkage institutions (parties, elections, media, interest groups); institutions of govt. (3 branches, bureaucracy)
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Pluralist Theory
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groups with shared interests influence public policy by pressing their concerns through organized efforts; no dominant group; bargaining and compromise
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Elite and Class Theory
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upper-class controls govt; big businesses hold power
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Hyperpluralism
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groups have so much power that govt can't take action
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define: Constitution
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a nation's basic law; creates political institutions, assigns/ divides power in govt, and often provides certain guarantees to citizens
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Locke's main ideas
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man born in free state of nature; made contract w/ govt (is obligated to safeguard rights); man can overthrow govt. if violates contract; people can self-govern; natural rights
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first Constitution
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Articles of Confederation-1777
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author of Federalist Papers No. 10
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James Madison (Publius)
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most common cause of a faction
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various and unequal distribution of property
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3/5 compromise
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3 of every 5 slaves counted for representation and taxation
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voting qualifications
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15- no discrimination; 19- women; 23- DC gets vote; 24- no poll taxes; 26- 18 min. age
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judicial branch in Constitution
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Supreme Court set up- 9 judges appointed for life by president; Congress can create more courts as necessary
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Shay's Rebellion
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series of attacks on courthouses by farmers to block foreclosures; showed how weak govt. was under AOC
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reason for Constitutional Convention
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to "revise" AOC; national govt. was VERY weak under them
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10th amendment
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states rights! all powers not expressly given to the national govt. are reserved for states
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McCulloch v. Maryland
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1819 SC decision- nat. govt. has supremacy over states
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Marbury v. Madison
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1802 SC case- established judicial review
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Barron v. Baltimore
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1833 SC decision- Bill of Rights only restricts nat. govt, not states/cities; overturned by Gitlow v. New York
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Gibbons v. Ogden
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1824 SC case- Congress has power to regulate interstate commerce (A1, S8)
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popular sovereignty
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government is ruled by the people
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how was the constitutions ratified?
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9/13 states needed to approve; anti-feds wanted Bill of Rights as a condition to ratification
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Congressional power most often contested and implied from which clause?
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necessary and proper/ implied powers/elastic clause; article 1, section 8, clause 1-7
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judicial review
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supreme court has power to determine whether acts of Congress are constitutional
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federal system
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shared power between states and national governments
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grievances from Declaration of Independence
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no representation, no local legislatures, standing armies in times of peace, quartering, cut off from trading, taxes, no trial by jury
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weakness of Articles of Confederation
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only one branch, Congress had no power to tax/regulate commerce or foreign relations/ maintain an army, unanimous vote needed to amend, currency not same, couldn't settle disputes
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Decentralization debate- gun control in schools
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student at a San Antonio high school was found carrying a concealed handgun; was arrested under Texas law against weapons at school but those charges were dismissed when he was charged with violating Gun-Free School Zones Act of 1990 (passed by Congress); trial court found him guilty even though his lawyers said that Congress overstepped their powers by passing a law that did not have to do with regulating commerce. In appelate court after his release from jail, the trial was revised and it was realized that Congress had overstepped its authority.
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