Unit 1 And 2 Flashcards

Front 1

properties of water

Back 1

excellent solvent,high heat capacity, moderating influence, evaporating cooling,ice floats, strong cohesion,surface tension,strong adhesion

Front 2

carbohydrates

Back 2

function:energy storage, structure ,groups: sugars, starch, glycogen, cellulose, chitin

Front 3

proteins

Back 3

function: structure, transport, defense, structure: amino acids, peptide bonds, 1°, 2°, 3°, 4° enzymes

Front 4

lipids

Back 4

function: energy storage, structure, hormones groups: triglycerides (fats, saturated, unsaturated), phospholipids, steroids (cholesterol, sex hormones)

Front 5

nucleic acids

Back 5

function: informatstructure: nucleotides, A,T,C,G,U ion storage, groups: DNA, RNA

Front 6

enzyme structure

Back 6

globular (4°) proteins, RNA

Front 7

metabolic catalysts

Back 7

lowers activation energy

Front 8

catabolism

Back 8

digestion, breakdown, hydrolysis

Front 9

anabolism

Back 9

synthesis, dehydration synthesis

Front 10

lock & key model, induced fit model

Back 10

enzyme-substrate complex, product(s)

Front 11

“-ase

Back 11

substrate specific, unchanged during reaction

Front 12

effect function

Back 12

pH, temperature, salts, [substrate], [enzyme]

Front 13

Coenzymes

Back 13

A nonproteinaceous organic substance that usually contains a vitamin or mineral and combines with a specific protein, the apoenzyme, to form an active enzyme system.

Front 14

cofactors

Back 14

A substance, such as a metallic ion or coenzyme, that must be associated with an enzyme for the enzyme to function

Front 15

activators

Back 15

a catalyst

Front 16

allosteric

Back 16

pertaining to regulation of the rate of an enzymatic process

Front 17

cooperativity

Back 17

the increase or decrease in the rate of interaction between a reactant and a protein as the reactant concentration increases.

Front 18

inhibitors

Back 18

One that inhibits, as a substance that retards or stops a chemical reaction.

Front 19

competitive,

Back 19

Relating to the inhibition of enzyme activity that results from the reversible combination of an enzyme with an alternate compound and prevents normal substrate binding

Front 20

noncompetitive

Back 20

involving or acting in inhibition of an enzyme by affecting its intrinsic catalytic activity rather than by competition with the substrate for the active site

Front 21

negative feedback

Back 21

a self-regulatory biological system, as in the synthesis of some hormones, in which the output or response affects the input, either positively or negatively

Front 22

cell wall

Back 22

the definite boundary or wall that is part of the outer structure of certain cells, as a plant cell.

Front 23

chloroplasts

Back 23

plant cell inclusion bodies that contain chlorophyll

Front 24

central vacuole

Back 24

a membrane-bound cavity within a cell, often containing a watery liquid or secretion.

Front 25

lysosomes

Back 25

A membrane-bound organelle in the cytoplasm of most cells containing various hydrolytic enzymes that function in intracellular digestion.

Front 26

centrioles

Back 26

One of two cylindrical cellular structures that are composed of nine triplet microtubules and form the asters during mitosis

Front 27

prokaryotes (bacteria

Back 27

naked circular DNA, ribosomes, no nucleus or membrane-bound organelles, sometimes cell wall (peptidoglycans)

Front 28

eukaryotes

Back 28

nucleus & membrane-bound organelles

Front 29

phospholipid bilayer

Back 29

a two-layered arrangement of phosphate and lipid molecules that form a cell membrane, the hydrophobic lipid ends facing inward and the hydrophilic phosphate ends facing outward.

Front 30

hydrophilic heads

Back 30

having a strong affinity for water

Front 31

hydrophobic tails

Back 31

having little or no affinity for water

Front 32

fluid mosaic model

Back 32

a conceptual model of cell membrane and its boundary as a tightly packed double layer of phospholipid molecules interspersed with protein molecules which aid cross-membrane transport

Front 33

channel

Back 33

a transient opening made by a protein embedded in a cell membrane, permitting passage of specific ions or molecules into or out of the cell

Front 34

Nucleus

Back 34

a specialized, usually spherical mass of protoplasm encased in a double membrane, and found in most living eukaryotic cells, directing their growth, metabolism, and reproduction, and functioning in the transmission of genic characters.

Front 35

ribosomes

Back 35

specialized ribosomal RNA and

Front 36

endoplasmic reticulum

Back 36

a network of tubular membranes within the cytoplasm of the cell, occurring either with a smooth surface (smooth endoplasmic reticulum) or studded with ribosomes (rough endoplasmic reticulum), involved in the transport of materials.

Front 37

vesicles

Back 37

A small bladderlike cell or cavity.

Front 38

mitochondria

Back 38

cells power source

Front 39

flagella

Back 39

threadlike appedage, movement

Front 40

cytoskeleton

Back 40

microtublues, intermediate filaments,microfilaments

Front 41

desmosomes

Back 41

type of junction that attaches a cell toits neighbor

Front 42

plasmodesmata

Back 42

a strand of cytoplasm that passes throught the cell wall and conncects protoplasts

Front 43

selectivly permiable membrane

Back 43

only allowa specific things in and out

Front 44

diffusion

Back 44

spotaneous movement of molecules or other particles in a solution

Front 45

osmosis

Back 45

tenedacy of wanter to flow through a semi permiable membrane

Front 46

facilitated diffusion

Back 46

in cell biology, a process by which substances are transported across cell membranes by means of protein carrier molecules; also called facilitated transport

Front 47

active transport

Back 47

the movement of ions or molecules across a cellular membrane from a lower to a higher concentration, requiring the consumption of energy.

Front 48

hypertonic

Back 48

noting a solution of higher osmotic pressure than another solution with which it is compared

Front 49

hypotonic

Back 49

noting a solution of lower osmotic pressure than another solution with which it is compared

Front 50

isotonic

Back 50

noting or pertaining to solutions characterized by equal osmotic pressure

Front 51

plasmolysis

Back 51

contraction of the protoplasm in a living cell when water is removed by exosmosis.

Front 52

exocytosis

Back 52

A process of cellular secretion or excretion in which substances contained in vesicles are discharged from the cell by fusion of the vesicular membrane with the outer cell membrane.

Front 53

endocytosis

Back 53

A process of cellular ingestion by which the plasma membrane folds inward to bring substances into the cell.

Front 54

phagocytosis

Back 54

The engulfing and ingestion of bacteria or other foreign bodies by phagocytes.

Front 55

pinocytosis

Back 55

Introduction of fluids into a cell by invagination of the cell membrane, followed by formation of vesicles within the cells.

Front 56

glycolysis

Back 56

the catabolism of carbohydrates, as glucose and glycogen, by enzymes, with the release of energy and the production of lactic or pyruvic acid.

Front 57

cytosol

Back 57

The fluid component of cytoplasm, excluding organelles and the insoluble, usually suspended, cytoplasmic components.

Front 58

glucose

Back 58

Also called starch syrup. a syrup containing dextrose, maltose, and dextrine, obtained by the incomplete hydrolysis of starch

Front 59

Kreb’s (Citric Acid) Cycle

Back 59

pyruvate . acetyl CoA . Kreb’s cycle yield: 1 ATP, 3 NADH, 1 FADH2, CO2 (exhale)
function: produce electron acceptors for the ETC
matrix of mitochondria

Front 60

anaerobic respiration:

Back 60

no O2, lactic acid (animals), alcoholic fermentation (bacteria, yeast, plants

Front 61

Photosynthesis

Back 61

light + 6 H2O + 6 CO2 . C6H12O6 + 6 O2
chemiosmosis, autotrophs, chloroplasts
ATP & sugar production

Front 62

stroma

Back 62

the supporting framework or matrix of a cell

Front 63

photorespiration

Back 63

Oxidation of carbohydrates in plants with the release of carbon dioxide during photosynthesis.

Front 64

asexual reproduction

Back 64

reproduction, as budding, fission, or spore formation, not involving the union of gametes.

Front 65

Chromosomes

Back 65

A threadlike linear strand of DNA and associated proteins in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells that carries the genes and functions in the transmission of hereditary information

Front 66

chromatids

Back 66

Either of the two daughter strands of a replicated chromosome that are joined by a single centromere and separate during cell division to become individual chromosomes.

Front 67

centromere

Back 67

a specialized structure on the chromosome, appearing during cell division as the constricted central region where the two chromatids are held together and form an X shape.

Front 68

interphase

Back 68

the period of the cell cycle during which the nucleus is not undergoing division, typically occurring between mitotic or meiotic divisions. Also called interkinesis

Front 69

prophase

Back 69

the first stage of mitosis or meiosis in eukaryotic cell division, during which the nuclear envelope breaks down and strands of chromatin form into chromosomes

Front 70

metaphase

Back 70

the stage in mitosis or meiosis in which the duplicated chromosomes line up along the equatorial plate of the spindle.

Front 71

anaphase

Back 71

the stage in mitosis or meiosis following metaphase in which the daughter chromosomes move away from each other to opposite ends of the cell.

Front 72

telophase

Back 72

the final stage of meiosis or mitosis, in which the separated chromosomes reach the opposite poles of the dividing cell and the nuclei of the daughter cells form around the two sets of chromosomes.

Front 73

cytokinesis

Back 73

the division of the cell cytoplasm that usually follows mitotic or meiotic division of the nucleus.

Front 74

cell division

Back 74

triggered by growth (surface to volume ratio), density dependent inhibitio