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50 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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1850-1870
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no political force was stronger than nationalism; efforts were intended to build strong, unified nation
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nationalistic leaders were neither...
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revolutionaries or idealists; coming from positions of established power, this new generation of leaders molded nationalism to fit harsh political realities
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nationalist leaders promoted....
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practical policies,not ideals
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at time of French Rev., Italy was made up of
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competing city-states
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Napoleon further reduced these city-states from
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15-3; he thought that Italy should be unified and this awakened patriotism among Italians
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_______ & _______ were in control of Austria and many rulers throughout Italy were Austrian puppets
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Venezia and Lombardy
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who was Count Camillo di Cavour
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important figure during Italian unification who became prime minister of Piedmont-Sardinia under King Victor Emmanuel II
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what were Cavours' initial goals
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-to modernize Piedmont economically to win strength and respect for homeland
-to make Piedmont the central engine for national unification -form an Italian state as a constitutional monarchy under Piedmont's king |
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who was the primary obstacle to Italian unification
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Austria
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what did Cavour do in order to gain support against Austria
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employed diplomacy and Piedmont's relatively small army to gain international support
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what conflict did Cavour become involved in
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Crimean War; helped Great Britain, France, and Ottoman Turks keep Russia from taking over Ottoman Turk lands between Mediterranean and Black Sea
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what was Cavour's goal
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to gain friendship w/ France and Great Britain at the Paris Peace Conference in 1856
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what happened at the Peace Conference
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Cavour pleaded his case against Austria so skillfully that he captured the attention of the international community
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what happened two years after the peace conference
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Cavour and Napoleon III met at a French spa to discuss ways to move against Austria
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what was Cavour and Napoleon's decision
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to provoke Austria into a war and France would help Italy drive Austria out of Venezia and Lombardy (in return, France would receive Savoy and Nice)
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what happened in 1859
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Cavour mobilized army and refused Austrian demands to reverse act; unsuspecting Austrians declare war
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how did the French armies help defeat the Austrians
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by using new railroad lines, the French troops poured across the Alps to fight alongside the Piedmontese
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what happened to Cavour's dismay
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Napoleon signed a separate peace treaty w/ Austria, giving Piedmont Lombardy and Austria Venezia
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even though Cavour hadn't gained Venezia, what did he have on his side
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momentum
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what effect did this first success have on other Italian states
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nationalists in other Italian, inspired by Piedmont's success, rose to the cause of national unity
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what had happened by early 1860
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most of northern and central Italy had joined Piedmont voluntarily
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who was Giuseppe Garibaldi
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Italian who made a daring exploit in May 1860 who had long struggled to create a unified and republican Italy through organizing people, conducting campaigns of guerrilla warfare, and leading insurrections
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what did Garibaldi do in May, 1860
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he and 1,000 soldiers sailed for Sicily, where many peasants had already began to revolt, where he easily overtook it
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after Garibaldi's conquest of the Kingdom of Two Sicilies what happened
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Garibaldi and his troops marched for Rome
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Why did Cavour fear an attack by Garibaldi on Rome
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he feared that if Garibaldi tried to take Rome, that it might lead France and Austria to come to the aid of the Pope, crushing any further dreams of Italian unification
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what did Cavour do ensure that Rome wasn't taken
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he sent troops commanded by King Victor Emmanuel II southward from Piedmont and skirted them around the Papal States; Garibaldi yielded to the troops
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March 1861
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Kingdom of Italy declared w/ Victor Emmanuel II as monarch and Piedmontese Constitution of 1848 as national charter
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how did Germany as we know it exist in 1850
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belonged to loose German Confederation which was dominated by Austria, and did not function as a unified state
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where did the best hope for German unity come from
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Prussia, which had achieved a position of strength thanks to its economic expansion and leadership over the Zollverein, a German customs union that fostered industrialization in Prussia (Austria was not a part of this)
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what political parties was Prussia torn between
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liberals in legislature and conservative aristocracy
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what was the dispute between legislature and aristocracy over
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plans to strengthen the military
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what did King Wilhelm I do after his failed attempts to double the size of the military
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calls upon the aid of junker Otto von Bismark
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what were the beliefs of Bismark
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only an alliance between conservatism and nationalism could preserve the aristocracy and strengthen Prussia
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what did Bismark do once he gained the backing of king, aristocracy, and the army and became prime minister
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he defied the liberals in the legislature by violating the constitution and ordering taxes collected for military reforms
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Realpolitik
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policy of realism pursued by Bismark; pragmatic politics of power
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Bismark's famous quote
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not by speeches and resolutions, but by blood and iron
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how was Bismark like Cavour
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he sought out political opportunities, created them when they failed to materialize, and did not hesitate to take calculated risks, including war
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what happened in Denmark, 1864
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Bismark's first opportunity to expand Prussia's power came when Denmark tried to incorporate Schleswig and Holstein, 2 small provinces between Prussia and Denmark (provinces legal status had been disputed for years)
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what happened in Denmark, 1864
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Bismark's first opportunity came when Denmark tried
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what did Prussia do
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posing as a defender of nationalism, it declared war on Denmark, pulling Austria, anxious to regain leadership over the German Confederation, in as a reluctant ally
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what happened after Denmark was defeated
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in a complicated settlement, Schleswig and Holstein would be jointly ruled between Austria and Prussia, planting the seeds for a future conflict w/ Austria
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how did Bismark gain support from Italy
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by offering Italy Venezia in return for their alliance
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what were both Cavour and Bismark masters of
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politics and war
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how did Bismark gain Russian sympathies
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by supporting its intervention against rebellious subjects in Poland
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how did Bismark neutralize Napoleon III
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through deception and persuasion
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what does Bismark do in 1866
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sends troops into Holstein and provokes Austria into war
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what was Bismark's goal
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"kleindeutch" (little Germany)
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what were Austria's advantages
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was twice the size of Prussia's pop. and had long dominated central Europe
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what were Prussia's advantages
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had a modern army (fast-firing needle-guns) and a mobile army (armies use of railroads moved forces quickly into battlefields)
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result of war
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Prussia overwhelmed Austria in 7 weeks (Austria suffered 4x as many casualties)
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