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107 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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According to the American Dietetic Association, what is the recommended daily intake of dietary fiber?
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25-35 g
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An average, daily intake of dietary fiber in the US is _________ of recommended levels.
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50%
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What is the minimum daily amount of dietary carbohydrate necessary to spare body protein from excessive breakdown?
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50-100g
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What is the first organ to respond to an increase in blood glucose concentration?
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pancreas
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What is the primary storage form of carbohydrate in the body?
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Glycogen
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Which of the following is NOT a monosaccharide?
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maltose
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Which of the following foods contains the LEAST cholesterol per serving size?
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Steamed corn
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Which of the following is an omega-3 fat?
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Docosahexaenoic acid
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Approximately what percentage of the body's energy needs at rest is supplied by fat?
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60
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Which of the following is characteristic of the enzyme lipase?
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Salivary gland lipase (lingual lipase) plays a significant role in fat digestion in infants.
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After a meal, most of the fat that eventually empties into the blood is in the form of particles known as
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chylomicrons
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Which of the following characteristics are shared by cholesterol and lecithin?
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Both are synthesized in the body.
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What type of compound is lecithin?
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Phospholipid
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What is the major sterol in the diet?
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Cholesterol
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Which of the following is a feature of cholesterol?
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Synthesized by the body
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What compound is composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen with 3 fatty acids attached to a molecule of glycerol?
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Triglyceride
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Which of the following describes a fatty acid that has one double bond?
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Monounsaturated
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Which of the following is a factor that determines the hardness of a fat at a given temperature?
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Degree of saturation
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Which of the following is a feature of homocysteine?
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It is increased in the blood of coffee drinkers.
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All of the following assumptions are made by the committee who sets the RDA for protein EXCEPT that
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the fat content of the diet will be high
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What amino acid has been linked to the development of the rare blood disorder eosinophilia myalgia in people who took it as a supplement?
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Tryptophan
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What is a "limiting" amino acid in a protein?
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An essential amino acid present in insufficient quantity for body protein synthesis to take place
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Which of the following influence protein quality?
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digestibility and amino acid composition
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The body's amino acid pool consists of
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both endogenous and exogenous amino acids
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What is the usual fate of orally ingested enzyme supplements?
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Digested by gastrointestinal proteases
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When two amino acids are chemically joined together, the resulting structure is called a
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dipeptide
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What is the amino acid sequence of a protein?
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The order of appearance of amino acids in the peptide chain
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All of the following are important enterogastrone hormones EXCEPT
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pepsin
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The presence of fat in the intestines stimulates cells of the intestinal wall to release
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cholecystokinin
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What is the first vessel to receive absorbed water-soluble vitamins?
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Portal vein
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When nutrients are transported from the digestive system to the vascular system, what organ is first to receive them?
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Liver
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Which of the following is a feature of the lymphatic system?
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It carries fats and fat-soluble vitamins away from the intestines.
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Which of the following is a function of the intestinal microvilli?
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Transport of nutrient molecules
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What structure separates the colon from the small intestine?
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Ileocecal valve
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Which of the following is NOT a sphincter muscle?
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Duodenum
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According to RDA, what percentage of the day's total energy intake should be furnished by carbohydrates?
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45-65
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According to the American Dietetic Association, what is the recommended daily intake of dietary fiber?
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25.35
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What is the first organ to respond to an increase in blood glucose concentration?
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pancreas
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What is the reaction that links two monosaccharides together?
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Condensation
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What is the primary storage form of carbohydrate in the body?
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Glycogen
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Features consistent with the ingestion of high fat diets does not include
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the diets initiate but do not promote cancer formation
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What is the recommended DRI of fat that should be consume as a total energy intake?
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20-35%
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Which of the following outlines the overall sequence of events in the complete oxidation of glucose?
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Glycolysis, TCA cycle, electron transport chain
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Which of the following is a feature of ketosis?
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glycolysis
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An aerobic reaction is one that requires
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oxygen
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What is the first product of fatty acid catabolism?
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Acetyl CoA
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Which of the following nutrients can be made from compounds composed of 2-carbon skeletons?
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Fatty acids
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If the carbohydrate content of the diet is insufficient to meet the body's needs for glucose, which of the following can be converted to glucose?
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Amino acids
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Which of the following reactions is an example of an anabolic reaction?
Your answer: Formation of carbon dioxide from citric acid |
Formation of cholesterol from acetyl-CoA molecules
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Which of the following is a feature of catabolic reactions?
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They involve release of energy.
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What is the major energy carrier molecule in most cells?
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ATP
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Which of the following metabolic reactions occurs when a cell uses energy?
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ATP releases a phosphate group and becomes ADP
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Which of the following defines a coenzyme?
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A small organic molecule required for the functioning of an enzyme
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Reactions in which simple compounds are combined into more complex molecules are called
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anabolic
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Which of the following is a feature of the body mass index?
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It correlates with disease risks.
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What is the weight classification assigned to young women with 30% body fat and young men with 20% body fat?
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Normal
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Which of the following describes an association between body weight and mortality?
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Overweight men who are physically fit have a lower mortality risk than normal-weight, unfit men.
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All of the following are true of the association between type 2 diabetes and body fat EXCEPT that
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when overweight people with the disease lose weight they show only minimal improvement in glucose tolerance and insulin resistance
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Which of the following is a feature of the basal metabolic rate (BMR)?
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Pregnancy increases the BMR
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To estimate the basal metabolic rates of individuals, which of the following was used in the equations by the Committee on Dietary Allowances?
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Weight
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After consuming a very large meal, the desire to eat a slice of chocolate cake is an example of behavior known as
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appetite
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What is the most satiating macronutrient?
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protein
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The brain chemical neuropeptide Y is known to specifically enhance the craving for
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carbohydrate
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Generally the normal composition of weight loss or weight gain is approximately 75% fat and 25% lean tissue. However, during periods of starvation the percentage of lean tissue loss could be
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50
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Of the following, which is NOT among the recommended strategies for weight gain in an underweight person?
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Forced awakening during the night for supplemental meals and snacks
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Which of the following is NOT a recommendation of weight-reduction counseling?
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Reduce daily energy intake to less than 1000 kcal to overcome the decrease in metabolic rate.
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Which of the following is a feature of the body's response to engaging in physical activity?
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After an intense and vigorous workout, basal metabolism remains elevated for several hours.
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Which of the following is a feature of energy metabolism in formerly obese people who have lost weight?
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Energy requirements are lower than expected for their current body weight.
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What is the primary action of orlistat, a weight loss drug?
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Its inhibits pancreatic lipase.
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The prescription drug sibutramine acts by regulating the utilization of
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serotonin
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Healthcare professionals use which three indicators in evaluating the risks to health from obesity?
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BMI, waist circumference, disease risk profile
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What is the chief factor that determines a person's risk for obesity?
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Heredity
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Which of the following is NOT an environmental factor in obesity?
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energy regulation
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What is the rationale for the fat cell theory of obesity?
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Fat cell number increases most readily in late childhood and early puberty.
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According to body mass index values, what fraction of the U.S. adult population is considered overweight?
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2/3
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All of the following describe the behavior of fat cells EXCEPT that the
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number decreases when fat is lost from the body
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Which of the following defines the body's set point?
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Point above which the body tends to lose weight and below which it tends to gain weight
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Why might vitamin C be beneficial in treating the common cold?
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It deactivates histamine.
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Which of the following is an early sign of vitamin C deficiency?
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Bleeding gums
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Which of the following symptoms is indicative of a vitamin C deficiency?
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Your answer (correct): Subcutaneous pinpoint hemorrhages
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All of the following are consequences of ingesting excess vitamin C supplements EXCEPT
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enhancing the action of anticlotting medications
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Which of the following food groups is a rich source of vitamin C?
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Fruit group
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Which of the following functions has a requirement for thiamin?
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Energy release from energy-yielding nutrients
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What is the primary chemical reaction in which thiamin participates as its coenzyme?
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Assists in removal of one carbon unit from compounds involved in energy metabolism
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Riboflavin in its coenzyme form functions in the transfer of
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: hydrogen atoms
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A general niacin deficiency can result in abnormalities of all of the following organs/systems EXCEPT
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skeletal
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Which of the following activities is shared by vitamin B12 and folate?
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Both are required for nucleic acid synthesis.
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A similar type of anemia is produced when there is a deficiency of either
Your answer: riboflavin or niacin |
vitamin B12 or folate
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What is the most likely reason for the development of a vitamin B12 deficiency?
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Inadequate absorption
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What is a precursor?
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A substance that is used to synthesize another compound
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What is meant by the bioavailability of a vitamin in food?
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The amount absorbed and subsequently used by the body
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What is the primary excretory route for the water-soluble vitamins?
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Kidney
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Which of the following is a feature of vitamin K?
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It participates in synthesis of a bone protein.
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Which of the following would most readily induce a vitamin K deficiency?
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Antibiotic therapy
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What population group has the highest risk for vitamin K deficiency?
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Newborns
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The main function of vitamin E in the body is to act as a(n)
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antioxidant
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Which of the following disorders may result from vitamin E deficiency?
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Erythrocyte hemolysis
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Which of the following is a feature of vitamin E?
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Deficiencies typically occur from inability to absorb dietary lipids
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Which of the following are major sources of vitamin E in the diet?
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Vegetable oils
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Among the following, which contains the highest concentration of vitamin E?
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Corn oil
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What is the main function of vitamin D?
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To promote calcium and phosphorus absorption and calcium mobilization from bone
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Which of the following symptoms would indicate a vitamin D deficiency?
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Bowed legs
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Which of the following may result from excessive intake of vitamin D by adults?
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Mineral deposits in soft tissues such as the kidney
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Which of the following is the most reliable source of vitamin D in the diet?
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Fortified milk
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If a normal, healthy adult began consuming a vitamin A poor diet, the first deficiency symptoms would appear in approximately
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1 to 2 years
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Which of the following is likely to induce vitamin A toxicity in adults?
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Consuming high-dose vitamin A supplements
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All of the following are good sources of vitamin A EXCEPT
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pears
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