Umich Psych 240 - Exam 2

Front 1

What does the Raven's test measure?

Back 1

The ability of the working memory to store away information temporarily, then retrieve it again shortly after.

Front 2

What are three tests that attempt to measure working memory?

Back 2

1. Raven's (IQ) Test

2. Mental Arithmatic

3. Reading Span Test (capacity)

Front 3

What are the two basic ideas about working memory (the point of lecture 9)?

Back 3

1. Working memory is central to all cognitive processes (thinking, reasoning).

2. Working memory isn't all of memory. Other types of memory can function independently of working memory.

Front 4

What is the Flow Diagram?

Back 4

A model for working and long term memory.

Front 5

In the flow diagram, what are the two types of working memory?

Back 5

1. Storage buffer

2. Executive processes

Front 6

In the flow diagram, what is the function of the WM storage buffer?

Back 6

To store conclusions from previous tasks, thus allowing them to be accessed later.

Front 7

In the flow diagram, what are 4 of the functions of the executive processes?

Back 7

Decision maker

1. Decides what task to perform next

2. Decides when to access long term memory

3. Decides when to store information in the buffer

3. Decides when to retrieve information from the buffer

Front 8

Why is working memory not always referred to as "short term memory?"

Back 8

We don't just passively store our thoughts temporarily, we have to actively work with information in our working memory.

Front 9

What is the correlation between age and Raven's test score?

Back 9

Negative. As age increases, Raven's score decreases. Not causation, though.

Front 10

What is the confounding variable when analyzing the age and Raven's test score correlation?

Back 10

Working memory. Participants of all ages with the same working memory abilities will generally have similar Raven's test scores. So actually higher Raven's test scores are probably caused by better working memory.

Front 11

How can you interfere reasoning?

Back 11

Distract the participant with a working memory task. (Such as random number generation).

Front 12

What does the interference effect on reasoning suggest?

Back 12

Reasoning requires working memory. When working memory is occupied, reasoning suffers.

Front 13

How can working memory affect reading and comprehension?

Back 13

Ambiguous words (words that have more than one meaning). Need to remember them temporarily so you can go back and change their importance/meaning if necessary.

Front 14

What is retrograde amnesia?

Back 14

Long term memory failure. Working memory is still intact.

Front 15

What is antereograde amnesia?

Back 15

Inability to create new long term memories. Working memory is still intact.

Front 16

Damage to what areas of the brain cause retrograde amnesia?

Back 16

Hippocampus (medial temporal lobes) - HM

Front 17

What is the difference between patients HM and KF?

Back 17

HM

-long term memory bad

-working memory fine

KF

-long term memory fine

-working memory bad

-could only remember 2 digits of information

Front 18

What did the neurobiological double dissociation of HM and KF allow us to conlcude?

Back 18

Working memory and long term memory rely on different systems. Disproves difficulty hypothesis.

Front 19

Why can't single dissociation tests allow us to conclude that working memory and long term memory rely on two diffrent systems?

Back 19

Difficulty hypothesis. Maybe both forms of memory rely on the same system, but one is harder than the other, thus occupies it more.

Front 20

Name one other famous double dissociation experiment?

Back 20

Koher. PET scans measuring brain activity during spatial vs. subject tasks. Concluded ventral (subject) and dorsal (spatial).

Front 21

What are the two types of double dissociation experiments that can be used to separate working memory and long term memory?

Back 21

1. Neurobiological

2. Behavioral

Front 22

What is the Serial Position Curve?

Back 22

Measurement of which words in a list can be remembered best chronologically (first, middle, last).

Front 23

What does the X axis represent in the Serial Position Curve?

Back 23

Position of the word in the list

Front 24

What is the primacy effect?

Back 24

In a list, people remember words at the beggining better than words in the middle.

Front 25

What is the recency effect?

Back 25

In a list, people remember words at the end better than words in the middle.

Front 26

What is filled delay and what does it cause?

Back 26

Filled delay is the occupation of working memory following a word list memory task. It causes the recency effect to disappear.

Front 27

What happens to primacy and recency effects when the word list is presented very slowly?

Back 27

People have very strong primacy effect for first few words. Recency - no change.

Front 28

Hypothetically, which type of memory causes the primacy effect, Which causes the recency effect?

Back 28

Primacy effect - better long term memory for words at the beggining of a list

Recency effect - better short term memory for words at the end of a list

Front 29

Instead of hypothesizing that primacy and recency effects are caused by types of memory, what is the alternative hypothesis?

Back 29

Interference.

Primacy effect - beggining words have no proactive interference

Recency effect- end words have no retroactive interference

Words in the middle have both proactive and retroactive interference

Front 30

According to Badley's tripartile theory, what are the three parts of working memory (+ their functions)?

Back 30

1. Central Executive - decides what/when to access, what/when to store

2. Visuospatial Buffer - working memory for sights

3. Phenological Buffer - working memory for sounds

Front 31

What is the progress of the phenological loop for verbal sound?

Back 31

1. Auditory speech inputs are placed in phenological short term storage buffer (where they are subject to decay)

2. Some of these imputs will move along to the sub-vocal rehersal process, where they will be refreshed (note: only about 2 seconds of sound at a time)

Front 32

What is the progress of the phenological loop for nonverbal sound (symbols)?

Back 32

1. Non auditory speech imputs must be converted to auditory imputs via the sub-vocal rehersal process.

2. Once rehearsed, these imputs can be stored in the phenological short term storage buffer.

Front 33

Which test cocludes even non auditory cues are accessed as auditory cues (rather than visual)? How?

Back 33

Phenological coding tests (Span tests) that control for acoustic similarity (Conrad). Letters/words that sound similar are more confusable and harder to remember than distingishible ones. Regardless of the similarity in appearance of the letters, or meaning of the words.

Front 34

What is articulatory suppression? What does it cause?

Back 34

Preventing participants from sub-vocally rehearsing by forcing them to vocally rehearse an irrelevant word/sound. Prevents the conversion of non auditory information.

Front 35

On a graph, how do confusable and nonconfusable sounds compare with articulatory suppression?

Back 35

Confusable and nonconfusable words have the same accuracy. This suggests the non auditory information is not converted, and that vocally rehearsing is what prevents this conversion.

Front 36

What is the articulatory duration effect?

Back 36

Word-length effect. Subjects can usually store about as many words as they can say in 2 seconds. This depends on word length, language, and individual voice speed. Effect disappears with articulatory suppression.

Front 37

What is the capacity of the short term store? (Storage buffer)

Back 37

7 (plus or minus) 2 chunks of information

Front 38

What are "chunks?"

Back 38

Bits of meaningful information.

Front 39

Memory

Back 39

the means by which we retain and draw on our past experiences to use that information in the present

Front 40

3 stages of memory

Back 40

1. Encoding

2. Storage

3. Retrieval

Front 41

Encoding

Back 41

sensory information transformed into mental representation

Front 42

Recall

Back 42

produce a fact, word, or other item from memory

Front 43

Recognition

Back 43

select or identify an item as being one that you have been exposed to previously

Front 44

implicit memory tasks

Back 44

draw on information in memory without consciously realizing that you are doing so

ex) word completion

doesnt dwindle with age

Front 45

explicit memory tasks

Back 45

conscious recall of particular information. includes recognition too

Front 46

what are two tests that measure implicit memory?

Back 46

1. Priming (word completion)

2. Procedural knowledge (rotary pursuit, mirror)

Front 47

What are the three stores of the traditional model of memory?

Back 47

1. sensory - limited amounts info, limited time

2. short term - relatively limied, slightly more time

3. long term - large capacity, long periods of time

Front 48

Sensory store

Back 48

initial repository of much information that eventually enters short and long term stores

Front 49

iconic store

Back 49

discrete visual sensory register that hold information for very short periods of time - after effect

Front 50

what was sperling's discovery?

Back 50

existance of the iconic store

Front 51

what was sperlings experiment?

Back 51

.050 seconds of stimulus, report the identity and location of as many objects as possible

Front 52

on average how many objects could sperling's participants remember in the whole report?

Back 52

4, without regard to how many objects were on display

Front 53

what was sperling's "partial-report" procedure?

Back 53

participants only had to report pieces of the objects they saw in the stimulus (so they didn't forget what they had saw while reporting)

Front 54

what were the pitches in sperling's experiments?

Back 54

they indicated top, middle, or bottom row of symbols

Front 55

on average how many objects could sperling's particpants remember using partial report?

Back 55

9

Front 56

what is backward visual masking

Back 56

erasing previous iconic memory symbols for new ones in their place (within short intervals of time

Front 57

how long is short term memory store?

Back 57

a few seconds - a couple minutes. 30 seconds on average. Must be rehearsed to be refreshed. Acoustic storage.

Front 58

delay or interference of our short term memory capacity can cause it to drop to... _______ chunks

Back 58

3-5

Front 59

about how many visual things can be stored in short term memory?

Back 59

4 objects without regard for spatial locations

Front 60

permastore

Back 60

very long term storage of information such as knowledge of foreign language and math. Can be for passive memories, too.

Front 61

Levels of processing framework

Back 61

postulates that memory does not comprise three of even any specific number of separate stores, but rather varies along a continuous dimension in terms of depth of encoding. Infinite levels of processing (LOP). Depends on how stimulus is encoded, and deepening LOPs.

Front 62

what are the 3 deepening levels of processing

Back 62

1. physical

2. phonological

3. semantic (deepest, best memory for)

Front 63

self reference effect

Back 63

participants show very high recall when asked to relate the words meaningfully- asking if that word could describe them. even words that didn't describe them were remembered well

Front 64

possible reasoning for self reference effect?

Back 64

we each have an elaborate self-schema. we can richly and elaborately encode information related to ourselves much more than information related to other topics

Front 65

working memory

Back 65

holds only the most recently viewed, or conscious portion of long term memory, and it moves these activated elements into and out of brief, temportary memory storage

Front 66

what are the two pieces of the phonological loop?

Back 66

phonological storage buffer

sub-vocal rehearsal

Front 67

articualary suppression is more pronounced with the information is presented...

Back 67

visually

Front 68

central executive

Back 68

coordinates attentional activies and governs responses. decides what information to process further and hot process it.

Front 69

semantic memory

Back 69

explicit. memory for facts about the world. time and place when you learned the facts doesn't matter

Front 70

episodic memory

Back 70

explicit. memory for your own life and events. times and places are very relevant.

Front 71

which side of the brain is semantic memory associated with? episodic?

Back 71

left

right

Front 72

what are the 4 parts of nondeclarative (implicit) memory?

Back 72

1. procedural skills

2. priming (perceptual/semantic)

3. conditioning

4. nonassociative (habituation/sensitization)

Front 73

connectionist parallel distributed processing model (PDP)

Back 73

the key to knowledge representation lies in the connections among various nodes, or elements, stored in memory. Not the indvidual memories themselves. Activation of one node can have cascading effects on other nodes (spreading of activation)

Front 74

prime (from PDP)

Back 74

node that activates a connected node

Front 75

priming effect (from PDP)

Back 75

resulting activation of the node following the priming node

Front 76

spreading activation (from PDP)

Back 76

involves the simultaneous (parallel) activation (proming) of multiple links among nodes within the network (divergence)

Front 77

connectionist models provide clear explanations for...

Back 77

procedural memory

Front 78

amnesia

Back 78

severe loss of explicit memory

Front 79

retrograde amnesia

Back 79

individuals lose their explicit memory for events prior to their accident. common to people that get concussions. often memories begin to return from long ago towards closer to the accident, gradually

Front 80

HM suffered from...

Back 80

seizures, then antereograde amnesia

Front 81

antereograde amnesia

Back 81

the inability to remember events that occur after a traumatic events (inability to form new long term memories)

Front 82

infantile amnesia

Back 82

the inability to recall events that happened when we were very young

Front 83

which type of memory is impaired in amnesia, which is not?

Back 83

impaired - explicit

uneffected - implicit

Front 84

in dissociations, normal peoople show the _______ of a particular function, but people with specific lesions/damage show the _______ of that function

Back 84

presence

absence

Front 85

double dissociations

Back 85

people with different kinds of neuropathological conditions show opposite patterns of deficits

Front 86

people with lesions to the _________ of the brain show profound inability to retai information in short term, but not long term memory

Back 86

left parietal lobe

Front 87

dementia

Back 87

loss of intellectual function that is severe enough to impair one's everyday life

Front 88

neuropathology of altzheimers

Back 88

atrophy (decrease in size) of the brain, especially the hippocampus and frontal and temporal brain regions. plaques and dense protein deposits found outside the nerve cells in the brain. tangles and pairs of filaments twisted.

Front 89

the main drugs used to slow the progression of altzheimers

Back 89

donepezil (aricept) - slows destruction of ACh in brain

memantine - inhibits a chemical that overexcites brain cells and leads to cell death

Front 90

which type of memory is effected first in altzheimers?

Back 90

episodic, then semantic