Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
52 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
What are the functions of the placenta? |
-conversion of ffetal steriods to estrogen -secretion of preogestrone -secretion of human chorionic gonadotropin -exchange of oxygen, waste products and nutrients b/w fetus and mother |
|
|
What are the grades of the placenta? |
grades 0,1,2,3 |
|
|
How does a grade 0 placenta appear? |
up to approx 28-31 weeks, no calification, smooth chorionic surface (per Dr Massin smoothest, most homogeneous thing you have ever seen!!) |
|
|
How does a grade 1 placenta appear? |
approx 21-36 weeks, scattered califications, slight contouring of chorionic surface |
|
|
How does a grade 2 placenta appear? |
approx 36-38 weeks, basal layer (basilar) clacifications
|
|
|
How does a grade 3 placenta appear? |
38+ weeks, basilar calcifications, interlobar septal calcification ("cotyledon" formation), infarcts/"fallout" areas |
|
|
Extrachorial types of placenta are? |
placents in which the membranous chorion does not extend to the edge |
|
|
Circumvallate placenta is? |
small central chorionic ring surround by thickened amnion and chorion |
|
|
Circummarginate placenta is? |
central attachment of membranes without a central ring |
|
|
What is succenturiate? |
an accessory cotyledon with vascular connections into the main placenta |
|
|
What is annular? |
ring shaped placenta |
|
|
The normal placental thickness is less than? |
5cm AP |
|
|
Decreased placental thickness is considered when the placenta measures? |
less than 1.5cm |
|
|
Placenta Previa is? |
placental tissue encroaching upon the cx and/or crossing the internal cervical os. Caused by abnoramlly low implantation of the blastocyst |
|
|
Complete previa/totall previa/ central previa is? |
placenta completely covering internal cervical os |
|
|
Partial placenta previa is? |
placenta partially covering internal cervical os |
|
|
Marginal placenta previa? |
placenta encroaching on, not crossing the os |
|
|
Low lying placenta is? |
-Not a type of previa -placenta in lower uterine segment within 2 cm of internal os |
|
|
Abrupito placenta/Placental abruption is? |
premature separation of all or part of a normally implanted placenta from the myometrium |
|
|
Symptoms of Placental abruption are? |
abdominal pain with or without vaginal bleeding |
|
|
Types of Abruptio Placenta? |
-concealed:hemorrhage is confined to uterine cavity -external: blood drains through the cervical os, pt presents with painful vaginal bleeding |
|
|
Sono findings of Placenta abruption? |
-elevation of placenta from the uterine wall -retoplacental fluid collection of varying echogenicity (depending on age)- most likely hypoechoic -placenta may appear normal -placenta may appear thickened |
|
|
Placenta accreta is? |
chorionic villi are in direct contact with the myometrium but do not invade |
|
|
Placenta increta is? |
chorionic villi invade the myometrium |
|
|
Placenta percreta is? |
chorinic villi penetrate/perforate the myometrium |
|
|
Sono findings of abnormal adherence are? |
-depends on type of patho -loss normal hyperechoic retroplacental vascular complex -focal basal plate thinning (accreta) -increased myometrial thickness and echogenicity (increta) -focal myometrial bulge (percreta) -color/power Doppler may be helpful
|
|
|
What are placetnal lakes? |
-presence of large pools of maternal venous blood within placenta -appears as anechoic/hypoechoic rounded areas in placenta which may exhibit slow venous flow pattern in real time |
|
|
Fibrin deposition is? |
-pooling of maternal blood in the cubchorionic space -appears as hypoechoic material beneath chorionic surface of placenta |
|
|
Intervillous Thrombosis is caused by? |
-fetal bleeding into the intercilous space -increased incidence with associated Rh incompatibility |
|
|
Placental Infarcts are? |
-ischemic necrosis of placental villi resulting from interference with maternal blood flow to the intervillious space |
|
|
Placental infarcts occur more commonly in women with? |
eclampsia/pre-eclampsia |
|
|
Sono findings of placental infarcts? |
-anechoic or hypoechoic areas seen in placenta -may be small or large -absence of blood flow on color or spectral Doppler
|
|
|
Sono findings of subchorionic hematoma are? |
-depends on age of hematoma -usually decreased in size on follow up exams -accumulation of blood beneath the chorion |
|
|
Choriangioma is? |
-vascular tumor of the placental tissue -associated with MS-AFP |
|
|
Sono findings of choriangioma are? |
solid, well circumscribed placental mass, possibly near cord insertion site |
|
|
Umbilical cord is surround by? |
Wharton's Jelly |
|
|
The most common encountered umbilical cord anomalies is? |
single umbilical artery (SUA)/bivascular cord |
|
|
SUA may be associated with? |
-trisomies 18 and 13 -CNS anomalies -cardiovascular anomalies |
|
|
Sono findings of SUA are? |
-absence of umbilical artery -two vessel cord in transverse section -fetal anatomy should be thoroughly evaluated
|
|
|
Umbilical cord cysts are developmental and usually? |
asymptomatic |
|
|
Umbilical cord cysts originate as a remnant of the? |
omphalomesenteric duct (cyst located close to fetus) or allantoic duct (small and located away from fetus) |
|
|
Sono findings for umbilical cord cysts? |
-umbilical cord cyst -lack of flow in cyst on Doppler |
|
|
Nuchal cord is? |
-wrapping of the umbilical cord around the fetal neck -color Doppler is useful to demonstrate nuchal cord |
|
|
Cord prolapse is? |
-umbilical corf proturding through the cervix or adjacent to presenting fetal part (cx open) -emergent situation |
|
|
Vasa previa is? |
cord crossing the cervial os, passing between the cx and presenting fetal part with membranes intact |
|
|
Umbilical vein thrombosis is? |
torsion, knotting or compression of the cord may cause stasis and thrombosis |
|
|
Umbilical vein thrombosis is more frequently seen in? |
infants of diabetic mothers and in fetus with non-immune hydrops |
|
|
Sono findings of umbilical vein thrombosis? |
-increased echogenicity in the lumen of umbilical vessels -absence of color and spectral Doppler signals within umbilical vessels |
|
|
Umbilical cord knots are associated with? |
-mono mono twins -sono appears multiple loops of cord seen in single scan plan |
|
|
Velamentous Insertion of Cord is? |
-attachment of the cord to the membranes rather than to the placental mass -cord travels beneath the chorion for some distance before attaching to the edge of the placenta -associated with IUGR
|
|
|
Sono findings of velmentous insertion of cord? |
-establish relationship between the cord insertion and placental mass -Color Doppler may assist in diagnosis |
|
|
Marginal insertion of the cord is? Also called? |
-attachment of the cord at the periphery of the placenta -Battledore insertion |
