Ultrasound Ob/gyn Ardms Exam Review

Front 1

The fetal heart should occupy approx. ___ of the thoracic cavity.

Back 1

1/3

Front 2

Lung parenchyma is homogeneous and slightly ____ _____ than the liver.

Back 2

more echogenic

Front 3

The optimal time to evaluate the fetal heart sonographically is?

Back 3

18-24 weeks

Front 4

Oxygenated blood from the placenta enters the fetus thorugh the?

Back 4

umbilical vein

Front 5

The _____ ___ partially bypasses the liver to send oxygen rich blood to the right atrium.

Back 5

ductus venous

Front 6

The _____ ____ shunts some of the right atrial blood from the pulmonary artery into the aortic arch to circulate throughout the fetus.

Back 6

ductus arteriosus

Front 7

____ % of right right atrial blood passes though the foramen ovale, into the left atrium.

Back 7

60%

Front 8

____% of the right atrial blood enters the right ventricle.

Back 8

40%

Front 9

Right ventricular output is distributed :_____ % of main pulmonary artery volume bypasses the lungs via the ductus arteriosus and passes into the systemic circulation; _____ % of tight ventricular blood reaches the lungs.

Back 9

-92%

-8%

Front 10

What is the single most important image of the fetal heart?

Back 10

4 chamber heart

Front 11

_____ atrium is the chamber closest to the spine.

Back 11

left atrium

Front 12

Apex of the heart points ___ degrees to the left anterior chest wall.

Back 12

45 degrees

Front 13

Ventricles are approx. the ___ size.

Back 13

same

Front 14

Flap of foramen ovale opens into the ____ atrium.

Back 14

left

Front 15

_____ separate both atria from ventricles.

Back 15

valves

Front 16

How do you fing LVOT and RVOT?

Back 16

-left: identify origin of aorta arising from the left ventricle

-right: identify origin of pulmonary trunk arising from right ventricle

Front 17

Correct orientation of pulmonary trunk is?

Back 17

"draping" anterior to aorta when seen in cross-section

Front 18

In oblique scan plane the aortic arch can be described as?

Back 18

"candy cane", head and neck vessels seen arising from the aortic arch. (innominate, lt carotid, and lt subclavian arteries)

Front 19

Ductal arch can be described as?

Back 19

"hockey stick" arise more anterior in heart, no head or neck vessels

Front 20

The most common defect postnatal is?

Back 20

ventricle septal defect (VSD)

Front 21

VSD are caused by?

Back 21

incomplete closure of the interventricular (IV) foramen and failure of the membranous part of IV septum

Front 22

VSDs are the most common _____ associated fetal defect and are associated with other cardiac anomalies 50% of the time.

Back 22

teratogen

Front 23

Sono findings of VSD are?

Back 23

-demonstration of an opening between the ventricles on the 4 chamber view

-bidirectional flow demonstrated with color Doppler

-large defects are easier to diganose

Front 24

Atrial sepatal defect (ASD) is?

Back 24

abnormal opening betweent he atria

Front 25

Sono findings of ASD are?

Back 25

-relies on demonstration of echo dropouts at the level of the atrial septum

-prenatal diagnosis is unlikely due to patent formen ovale

Front 26

Hypoplastic left heart syndrome is?

Back 26

small left ventricle due to decreased blood flow into or out of left ventricle

Front 27

Sono findings of hypoplastic left heart syndrome?

Back 27

-very small or absent left ventricle

-hypoplastic or atretic mitral valve and aorta

Front 28

___ ___ is in 80% of cases with hypoplastic left heart syndrome.

Back 28

aortic coarcartion

Front 29

Transposition of the Great Vessels (TGA) is?

Back 29

aorta arises from the rt ventricle and the pulmonary trunk arises from the left ventricle

Front 30

Sono findings of TGA?

Back 30

-correct left-right orientation is a MUST

-images of outflow tracts demonstrate anomalous origin

-difficult diagnosis sono and depends on demonstration of parallel orientation of outflow tracts

Front 31

Truncus arterisus is?

Back 31

single large vessel arises form the base of the heart, rather than separate out flow tracts

Front 32

Ectopia cordis is?

Back 32

all or part of the heart is located outside the chest cavity

Front 33

Ectopia cordis is associated with?

Back 33

intracardiac anomalies and omphalocele

Front 34

Double outlet right ventricle is?

Back 34

both pulmonary artery and aorta arise from rt ventricle

Front 35

Cardiac tumors are?

Back 35

rare

Front 36

Artioventricular (A-V) canal defect/ endocardial cushion defect is associated with? Causes a defect where in the heart?

Back 36

-increased risk of trisomy 21

-defect in center of heart

Front 37

Ebsteins anomaly is?

Back 37

malformation of tricuspid valve with low insertion, resulting in grossly enlarged atrium

Front 38

Ventricluar hypertrophy is most commonly associated with?

Back 38

cardiac outlet obstrucstion

Front 39

Prior to 6 weeks the normal HR is?

Back 39

100-115 bpm

Front 40

At 8 weeks the normal HR is?

Back 40

144-159 bpm

Front 41

After 9 weeks the HR plateaus and is normally?

Back 41

120-160 bpm

Front 42

Arrhythmia is associated with maternal intake or use of?

Back 42

caffeine, cigarettes, and alochol

Front 43

Tachycardia is?

Back 43

HR >180 bpm

Front 44

What is the most commonly diagnosed fetal intrathoracic abnormality?

Back 44

Pleural effusion (hydrothorax)

Front 45

Hydrothorax is especially seen with?

Back 45

hydrops fetalis

Front 46

Sono findings of pleural effusion?

Back 46

anechoic fluid seen in one or both hemithoraces, conforming to the shape of the thoracic cavity

Front 47

The most common developmental abnormality of the diaphragm is?

Back 47

congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH)

Front 48

CDH sono findings?

Back 48

-identification of fluid filled bowel and especially stomach in chest at the level of the 4 chamber heart view

-heart displaced from the left chest toward the right

-associated polyhyramnios

Front 49

Pulmonary sequestration is?

Back 49

-uncommon, mass of non-functioning pulmonary tissue that is separate from the lung

-non-immune hydrops may be present

Front 50

Sono findings of pulmonary sequestration?

Back 50

-homogeneous echogenic intrathroacic mass

-color Doppler may demonstrate an arterial vessel arising from the aorta into the mass, and no pulmonary artery branch supplying mass

Front 51

Congenital Cystic Adenimatoid Malformation (CCAM) is?

Back 51

-unilateral condition characterized by the replacement of normal lung tissue by abnormal tissue, includes visible cysts.

-Type 1: one or more large cyst > or = 2 cm

-Type 2: multiple small cysts < 1-2 cm

-Type 3: multiple small cysts, too small to be resolved by US so lung appears hyperechoic

Front 52

Sono findings of CCAM are?

Back 52

-demonstration of non-pulsatile echogenic (solid and cystic components) mass in fetal lung, lateral displacement of heart

-possible signs of hydrops fetalis (most common with CCAM type 3)

-assoicated polyhyramnios