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76 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Three types neurons : by structure
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uni polar, bi polar, multi polar
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threet ype of neurons: by function
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sensory/ afferent, motor/ efferent, association/ interneuron
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sensory/ afferent neurons : about?
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dendrit ends have sensor for picking up sensations, transport signal to the spinal cord, cell bodies are all our of CNS, unipolar
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motor/ efferent neurons: about?
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multi polar, cell bodies almost always in the CNS, carry message to muscle cells
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association/ interneurons: about?
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always have cee bodies in the CNS, multipolar , brida a gap between the sensory and motor neuron
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what are the 5 types of neuroglia cells:
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astrocyte, microglia, oligodendracyte, Schwann cell, epyndamal
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Astro cyte: about
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assist in capilarry/ neuron exchange, control chemical environment around neurons, assist in bracing and protecting
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microglia: about?
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act as phagocytes
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oligodendracytes/ schwann cells: about?
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meylinate the axons
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epyndamyl cells: about?
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line ventricles in brain and central canal, assist in making CSF
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diff between Endoneurium, perinurium, and Epineurium?
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endoneurium sheaths thte individual axons, Preineurium sheeths bundles of axons, Epineurium sheaths groups of axons already bundled in perineurium
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what connectsbone to muscle?
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tendons
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what connects bone to bone
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ligaments
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what is it called connecting muscle to meusle
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aponeurosis
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what do muscle cells look like
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they are striated and u see the lines due to the sarcomeres
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what do tendons look like
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they are white and look corded
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striations in muscle cells are cause by what:
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actin and myosin
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identifying characteristics of cardiac muscle?
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striated b/c of intercalated disks, mono nucleated
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identifying characteristics of smooth muscle
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no straitions
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diference between the origin and the insertion?
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origon is fixed in place, the insertion is moveable
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what do motor neurons do
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stimulates muscle fibers
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how are true and false vocal cords different?
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true are located in the lower larynx/vocal folds, and "vibrate " to produce sound. False do not vibrate and are there for protection
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what is the signifgance of the shape of rings in the trechea?
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they are C- shaped, the opening is dorsal facing the esophagus, this allows large bollus of food to pass thru the espohagus without interference
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what is the adam;s apple?
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thyroid cartilage in the larynx
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what is the function of the eepiglottis?
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it is the guardian of the air way, stops foreign matter frim entering the trachea
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what is th efunction of the uvula
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it closes to keep food from enetering the nasal cavity
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what happens in resiration at the respiratory membrane and in the tissues?
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exchange of gasses
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why do cells need oxygen?
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for celular respiration
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what is the function of the pleural membrane
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reduces fristion when lungs expand and relax
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what does the phrenic nerve do
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it controls the diaphragm for breathing
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how is is possible to breath
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this is due to the difference in exterior air pressure (760 mmhg) and what the pressure is in our lungs, this is controled by the diaphragm, when the diaphragm tenses it pulls down and created less pressure thatn the outside air, therefore air rushes in to the lungs, when the diaphragm relaxes it pushes on the lungs and created more pressure within the lungs that the outside air and air is expelled
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waht is the function of cillia and goblet cells?
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ciiila is responsible for the movement of mucus, and the goblest cells are responsible for making the mucus
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why are alveoli good for gas exchange?
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they are thinwalled, and close to the capilary , allowing for easy exchange of gasses across the respiratory membrane,
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what are type I and type II cells in the respiratory membrane ?
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type I- simplesquamous, type II cuboidal and are responsible for making the surfactant
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How does oxygen go from lungs to the capillaries, and how does it go from the capillaries(blood) into the cells?
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lung to capilaries= simple diffusion; blod to cell= concentration gradient
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what is a buffer, acid, base
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buffer- control PH, Acid- releases H+ and Lowers Ph, Base- accepts H+ ions, pulls out of solution, increases PH
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what is the site of regulation of body temp, water balance, most important autonomic center
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Thalmus
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contanis autonomic centers ,regulating blood pressure, hart rate, reps. rhythm, as well a ccoughing , snewezing and swallowing centers
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medulla
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large commissure conection the cerebral hemispheres
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corpus callosum
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crainial nerve I
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olfactory bulb - deals with smelling
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cranial nerv II
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optic nerve-vision
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cranial nerve III
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occulomotor- control of eyeball
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cranial nerve IV
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trochlear nerve- controls eye movement
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cranial nerve V
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trigeminal nerve- facial and scalp sensation, chewing muscles
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cranial nerve VI
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abducens- eyemovement
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why is a striated muscle called a skeletal muscle
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its voulantary and attatched to skeleton
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what happens at the neuro muscular junction
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stimulates muscles, action potential reaces hte axon knobs releasing ach into the jusnction which binds to ther receptor on the muscle cell, , stimulating it ( ultimately thru release of calcium)
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what kind of stimuli illicits action potential
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thermal, chemical , electrical
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what did ether do to the nerve, how do u know
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stolpped action potential, showed flat line
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waht does curare do and how is it seen
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paralyses , blocked nerver transmission, second nerve actionpotential block neuro transmission
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what is curare
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plant extract, paralyzes prey, s. amermica, binds ACH-on membrane, stops from acting
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what does lidocaine do to nerve transmission
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inhibits-action potential, by preventing sodium channel from opening
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what is the relationship btx nerve size adn conduction velocity
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the larger the nerve the faster its conducted
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waht does myelination do to conduction velocity
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speeds up
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why does the addition of NaCl elicit an action potential
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more sodium avail in channel , depolarizes the membrane
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why breaking neck cause to stop breathing
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severed phrenic nerve
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do u really funny bone , what u hitting ?
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no , ur hitting a nerve
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what is largest nerve in body what would happen if cut
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siattic nerve, lose ability to move legs
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what are buffering systems in the blood
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proteins, heboglobin, carbonates, phosphates, respiratory, renal
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what does amphoteric mean
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can act as either a base or an acid
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waht happens when blood is acidic
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we have to remove H+ ions from blod it goes to the amine group
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what happens when blood is alkiline
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we have to release H= ions into the blood , form the carboxyl group
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acidic is what ph
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below 7
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what is neutral
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at 7
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basic Ph
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above 7
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what role does exhalation of carbon dioxide do for ph in blood
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co2 binds wiht h2o this controls free H+ in blood
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Interventions of Communications Family Therapy
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Techniques include teaching, pointing out problematic patterns, and paradoxical intervention (prescribing the symptom). Formulated double bind theory of schizophrenia (not supported)
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what is normal PH of blood what is alkalosis, acidosis
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normal 7.45, alkilosos- above 7.45, acidosis- below 7.35
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waht are causes of metabolic acidosis
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diaharrea- loss of bicarbonates
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what are causes of metabolic alkilosis
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vomiting, constipation, antacids
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what are respiratory acidosis
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hypoventilation
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what are cuases of resp. alkilosis
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hyperventilation
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what are purpposes of acid-redox phisio lab
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how a body reacts adn balances out the charges in acidity from respiration
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how does body deal to balance Ph
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lower or increase breathign rate, renal system and buffers
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waht was take home message of the neurophysiology lab, how do we know nerve worked
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got action potential
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describe the flow of oxygen into and out fo the body- pathway
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nares,nostrils, nasal cavity, internal nares, nasopharynx, laryngopharynx, larynx, trachea, rt and left bronchus, primary secondary and tirtiary bronchi, bronchioles, terminal bronchioles, respiratory bronchioles (alviolar duckt , alveoli
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