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45 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Largest numbers migrated
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1980s 1990s
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UK population over 65
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10 million
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Men over 65 still working
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Less than 1 in 10
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British owning a property in Spain
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1 million
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2008, number of British who emigrated to Spain
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200,000
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Retirement migration concentrated in
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Coastal areas e.g. Alicante in Costa Blanca and Malaga on Costa Del Sol where over 50% British migrants live
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Climate in UK- push factor
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Cool wet and changeable- unfavourable
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UK cost of living- push factor
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Rising. Shopping fuel electricity mortgages more expensive and earnings not increasing at same rate
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Perceptions- push factor
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Perception of rising crime, declining respect, UK 'gone to the dogs'
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Speed of life- push factor
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Too fast paced in UK
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Flights- push factor
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Regular and cheap e.g. Easyjet budget air travel- can visit family easily
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Single European Act- push factor
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Free movement of people between EU states by the Single European Act 1986
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Improved technology- push factor
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Cheap phone calls, internet- people can keep in contact from long distances. e.g. Skype = free internet calls
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Environment- pull factor
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More favourable- hot dry summers, mild winters= more favourable for old peoples' health. Less changeable
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Pace of life- pull factor
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Slower- more favourable. Lifestyle of leisure
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Living costs- pull factor
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Lower
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Social advantags- pull factor
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Developments targeted at British buyers- can live with people from similar cultural backgrounds
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Business opportunities- pull factor
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As a growing tourist destination
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Family breakup- cost for UK
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Grandparents move away. Loss of potential childcare
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Loss of workforce- cost for UK
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Especially if retire early
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Economy- costs for Uk
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'Grey pound' spent overseas
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Net migration rates- benefits for UK
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Emigration in part balances increased immigration
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Healthcare- benefits for UK
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Lower costs of healthcare as health care problems in old people effectively exported
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Dependency ratio- benefits for UK
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Loss of older people decreases dependency ratio
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Environmental- benefits for UK
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Relieves pressure for new homes and to build on greenfield sites
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Emigrant ghettos- costs for Spain
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Little cultural and social integration
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Social tensions- costs for Spain
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Migrants set up British run shops and restaurants- dont interract with local community- tensions
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Local politics- costs for Spain
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San Fulgencio on Costa Blanca- 80% British. Set up own political party to stand in local elections. Have the right to vote.
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No of UK immigrants that stood in local elections in 2010
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More than 100
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Property prices- costs for Spain
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Inflated. Exceed buying power of local people
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Healthcare/benefit- costs for Spain
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Some healthcare costs and benefits borne by Spain. Rising local healthcare costs. Need long term medical care.
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Villa development- costs for Spain
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Large scale building on coastal landscape- ruined. Landscape/biodiversity degraded
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Urban development- costs for Spain
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Localised pollution and flood risk rises
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Water- costs for Spain
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Water systems strained in semi arid areas
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Population structure- costs for Spain
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Greater proportion of older people
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Migrants from UK in Spain
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Dont have same access to healthcare in Spain as they do in UK
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Air pollution- costs for Spain
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UK migrants travelling back and forth to UK to visit family= increased air traffic= increased pollution/global warming
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Corruption- costs for Spain
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Corruption results in houses being built illegally. E.g. Morbella 30,000 illegal homes
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Local economy- benefits for Spain
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Increased spending- some retirees highly affluent.
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Creation of jobs- benefits for Spain
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E.g. im Malaga and Alicante as higher investment in property development. 135,000 Spanish coastal properties bought by foreigners in 2013- 7167 million euros worth
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Tourist development- benefits for Spain
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Transformed many small mediterranean fishing towns
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Construction- benefits for Spain
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Areas that were scrubland and unproductive now valuable to build on
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Return to UK
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Miss family/ family events. Money run out. Partner died. Rising crime/noise pollution. Falling property prices. Need help with daily tasks. Lack of care provision. Too many Britons anglicising local culture.
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Corruption among planning officials
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Properties demolished
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Need healthcare
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Often facilities available in UK not on offer in Spain
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