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63 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What are 3 ester local anesthetics
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i) cocaine: directly causes vasoconstriction
ii) procaine: metabolized to PABA iii) tetracaine: long acting (slow metabolism) |
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What are 3 amide local anesthetics
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i) lidocaine: metabolized in liver to metabolites that have limited local anesthetic action
ii) bupivacaine: blocks conduction in sensory nerves more effectively than motor fibers iii) mepivacaine: similar to lidocaine |
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Which type of local anesthetic is metabalized by the hepatic endoplasmic reticulum associated enzymes
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Amide type
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In general how do local anesthetics work
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the site of action is at the site inside the Na channel that spans the cell membrane of nervous tissue. They block conduction by decreasing or preventing the large transient increase in the permeability of excitable membranes to Na. Eventually an AP fails to propagate and nerve conduction ceases
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What is the effect of hydrophobicity on the potency and duration of action of a local anesthetic
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Increased hydrophobicity increases the potency and the duration of action of local anesthetics
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What purpose does the ionized form of a local anesthetic serve
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ionized form is needed to enter the Na channel
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What purpose does the unionized form of a local anesthetic serve
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non-ionized form is needed to diffuse into tissues
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List the order of nerve fiber block and recovery following perineural local anesthetic administration:
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pain- cold- warmth- touch- deep pressure- motor fxn (return is opposite)
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Why is bupivicaine not given IV
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cardiotoxic- ventricular arrhythmias and poor myocardial contractility. Enhanced myocardial toxicity may be due to the slower dissociation from the site of action in the sodium channel.
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What advantage does cocaine have for use in "nasal surgery"
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Cocaine is a vasoconstrictor so bleeding is reduced
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How are ester-type local anesthetics metabolized
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hydrolyzed by esterases that cleave the ester bond found in the plasma and liver. Metabolism is often independent of liver function
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What is the number of unsuccessful drug developments for 1 succesful drug?
A)1000 B)5000 C)10000 D)20000 |
D)20000
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What Upton Sinclair novel was about the meat packing industry?
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The Jungle
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The FDA falls under what government agency
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Dept of Health, Education, and Welfare
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A prescription must have what information
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a) VETERINARIAN'S NAME, ADDRESS, TELEPHONE #, LICENSE #
AND DEA # IF APPLICABLE. b) NAME AND ADDRESS OF CLIENT c) SPECIES d) NAME OF MEDICATION AND QUANTITY e) DIRECTIONS FOR USE (Do Not Use - SID) f) CAUTIONARY STATEMENTS (AND IF APPLICABLE - WITHDRAWAL TIMES) g) NUMBER OF REFILLS h) SIGNATURE OF PRESCRIBER |
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The label of a dispensed drug must have what information
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a) NAME, ADDRESS AND TELEPHONE # OF VET/CLINIC
b) IDENTIFICATION OF ANIMAL (CLIENT NAME/ANIMAL ID) c) DATE OF DISPENSING MEDICATION d) NAME OF DRUG AND QUANTITY DISPENSED e) DIRECTIONS FOR USE f) REFILLS AUTHORIZED g) CAUTIONARY STATEMENTS IF NEEDED h) INITIALS OF VET FILLING RX i) FEDERAL TRANSFER STICKER FOR CONTROLLED MEDS j) EXPIRATION DATE (? |
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How often must one take an inventory of cotrolled substances
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Every 2 years
(lets see a bag of weed, 12 tabs of X, 3 grams of coke, and some misc uppers and downers) |
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What is the proper DEA Registration classification for veterinarians
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Practitioner
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What sets Schedule 1 drugs apart from the other classes of drugs
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THE DRUG OR SUBSTANCE HAS NO CURRENTLY ACCEPTED MEDICAL USE IN
TREATMENT IN THE USA. THERE IS A LACK OF ACCEPTED SAFETY FOR USE OF THE DRUG OR OTHER SUBSTANCE UNDER MEDICAL SUPERVISION. |
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T/F Eye position within the socket is reliable as a measure of hydration status
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True
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What are some crystalloid isosomotic solutions
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isotonic saline (0.9% NaCl), isotonic sodium bicarbonate (1.3% solution), lactated Ringer’s, acetated Ringer’s, Ringer’s, Isotonic KCl (1.15% solution), 5% dextrose, 2.5% dextrose and 0.45% or 0.9% saline, Tromethamine, and Carbicarb
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_____________ are excellent at rapid but transient plasma volume expansion (Crystalloid/Colloid)
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Crystalloid
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______________ would be more effective at reducing edema from hypoalbunemia
(Crystalloid/Colloid) |
Colloid
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This agent may be advantageous over NaHCO3 in treating animals with mixed metabolic and respiratory acidosis because HCO3- is not produced. It is also often used in laboratories as a buffer.
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Tromethamine (Tris buffer)
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1 mole of dextrose(C6H12O6) provides how many equivalents when dissolved in water
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produces 0 equivalents because
dextrose does not dissociate into charged compounds |
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1 mole of CaCl2 provides how many equivalents
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1 mole of CaCl2 provides 4 Eq = 2 equivalents of Ca and 2 equivalents of Cl
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Clinical evaluation of tissue blood flow should take into account what 5 factors
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activity level
heart rate mucous membrane color capillary refill time temperature of extremities (ears, feet) |
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Why is acetated Ringer's a better alkalinizing agent than Lactated Ringers
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Acetated Ringer’s is better than LRS because more tissues are able to utilize acetate than L-lactate
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What is the maximal infusion rate for Isotonic crystalloid solutions
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80 ml/kg/hr
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What is the maximal infusion rate for colloidal solutions
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20 ml/kg/hr
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What is the maximal infusion rate for Hyperosmotic solutions
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1 ml/kg/min
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What is the maximum infusion rate for K+ administration
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No faster than 0.5 mEq K+/kg/hr.
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What are some signs of fluid overload
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Pulmonary edema, Tachypnea, dyspnea, moist cough, increased mean central venous pressure.
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Define osmolality
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"number of dissolved particles per kilogram of water" = measured
normal value in domestic animals is approximately 285 mOsm/kg |
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Define osmolarity
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"number of dissolved particles per liter of water" = calculated
Plasma water = 306 mOsm/L |
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What are 4 non alkalinizing agents
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Ringer’s, Isotonic KCl (1.15% solution), 5% dextrose, 2.5% dextrose & 0.45% saline or 0.9% saline (NaCl)
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When giving multiple topical opthalmic medications in what order should they be administered
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give drops first, then oily drops and then
ointments. As always, wait at least 5 minutes between different medications in the same eye. |
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Why are chloramphenicol and alkaloids ideal for topical opthalmic use
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They have the ability to exist in equilibrium in solution as
ionized (water soluble; polar) and unionized (lipid soluble; nonpolar) |
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What are the maximum subconjunctival volumes that should be administered to a cat-dog? In a horse-cow?
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Volumes should not exceed 0.25 ml in cats and dogs and 1.0 ml in horses and cows per site.
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What are the 7 routes of administration for opthalmic disorders
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1. Topical - most common route of administration
2. Subconjunctival (bulbar conjunctiva). 3. Retrobulbar. 4. Intravitreal. 5. Systemic - P.O., I.V., I.M. 6. Subpalpebral or nasolacrimal lavage. 7. Hydrophilic contact lens. |
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What is a major contraindication to the use of miotics
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Be careful using any miotic in the presence of ongoing
uveitis as a small pupil is more likely to develop a synechia. |
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T/F The Prostaglandin analogs (Latanaprost and Travaprost) are not used for their miotic activity alone
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True, they are most often used in glaucoma therapy
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Why should Atropine be used cautiously in young animals
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chronic cycloplegia (Paralyzation ciliary musculature to decrease pain)can damage the developing drainage angle. May also be the cause of secondary glaucoma in adults
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What is the MOA for avermectins
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bind w/ high affinity to a glutamate-gated channel
-cause flaccid paralysis and death |
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What organisms are avermectins effective against
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nematodes and arthropods
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What is the MOA for bezimidazoles
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inhibit fumarate reductase, blocking mitochondrial fcn and deprives the parasite of energy, leading to death
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What organisms are Albendazole effective against in cattle
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nematodes and flukes
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What organisms are Fenbendazole effective against
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GIARDIA AND WHIPS
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What is the MOA for Imidazothiazoles
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-nicotinic agonist disturbing the neuromuscular system
-causes contraction and SPASTIC paralysis |
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What organisms are imidazothiazoles effective against
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GI nematodes and lungworms
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What is the MOA for Tetrahydropyrimidines (pyrantel, morantel
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nicotinic agonist disturbing the neuromuscular system
-causes contraction and SPASTIC paralysis |
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What organisms are Tetrahydropyrimidines effective against
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roundworms, hookworms
effective against tapeworms at high doses when fed continuously prevents migration of Ascaris suum (roundworms) in swine |
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What is the MOA for piperazines
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-produce neuromuscular blockage through disruption of GABA neurotransmission → FLACCID paralysis
-narrow spectrum |
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What is the MOA of organophosphate
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-phosphorylates the acetylcholinesterase enzyme
-results in continued depolarization |
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What is the MOA of isoquinolones
(praziquantel) |
attacks neuromuscular junction and tegument producing paralysis and tegumental destruction
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What organisms is praziquantel effective against
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Tapeworms
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What organisms are arsenicals effective against
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Dirrofilaria immitis
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x
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x
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What are the signs of toxicity of ionophores
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Alters muscle membrane permiability
Muscle weakness Pain Tremors Reluctance to stand |
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What are some other benefits of ionophores
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Reproduction
– Increased ovarian size – More ovulation sites Face fly control |
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What are the effects of ionophores on growth
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Feed efficiency
– Grain diets – Decreased feed intake – Minimal effect on rate of gain – Increased by 0.1 kg/head/day |
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What do ionophores do
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Altered VFA production
Decreased methane production Decreased ruminal protein degradation |
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x
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x
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