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13 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Kidney location, weight, size |
Retroperitoneum, 12th thoracic - 3rd lumbar Male: 125 – 170g Females: 115 – 155g LxWxT: 11-12cm x 5-7.5 cm x 2.5-3cm |
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3 stages in renal disease diagnosis |
Clinical Pathological Etiological = clinical + pathological |
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Pathological diagnosis - 4 morphological changes |
Glomerular Tubular Interstitial Vascular |
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Pathological diagnosis process (3 steps) |
Kidney biopsy split into 3 sections: Paraffin sections: H&E stain andspecial stains Fresh tissue: Immunofluorescence detecting IgA, IgG, IgM, C3, C1q, Kappa and Lambda light chain Electron microscopy |
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Major renal diseases |
*Nephrotic syndrome *Acute nephritis syndrome Haematuria + proteinuria Acute renal failure/rapidly progressiveglomerulonephritis Chronic renal failure Renal tubular defects Urinary tract infection Nephrolithiasis (renal stone) Urinarytract obstruction and renal tumour |
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Nephrotic syndrome characteristics |
Proteinuria (>3.5g/day) Hypoalbuminemia Generalised oedema Hyperlipidemia |
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Acute nephritis syndrome characteristics |
Hematuria Proteinuria Hypertension Azotemia Oliguria Oedema |
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Pathogenesis of glomerular injury category (2) |
Immune complex injury Non-immune mechanism |
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Immune complex injury causes (5) |
In-situ immune complex deposition Circulating immune complex deposition Activation of alternative complement pathway Cell-mediated immune injury Antibodies to glomerular cells |
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Complications of nephrotic syndrome (5) |
Hyper coagulability Hyperlipidaemia & lipiduria Decrease in serum binding protein Infection Progressive renal failure |
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Membranous nephropathy characteristics |
Most common in 15+ yrs old A chronic immune complex mediated disease - Ig-containing immune complexes deposits in sub epithelial space ~70% of cases by: binding of PLA2R autoantibodies to PLA2R |
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4 stages of membranous nephropathy |
1) Silver stain fluffy appearance of sub epithelial IC deposits 2) GBM 'grows around' IC deposits and shows up as 'fangs' 3) GBM completely surrounds IC deposits + GBM has holes and thickened 4) IC may have dissolved shown as electron lucent areas in EM |
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Minimal change nephropathy characteristics |
Most common in <15 yrs old Absence of histological abnormality under high microscopy Ultrastructure shows epithelial cell foot processes fuse under EM |
