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62 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the lenght and shape of the trachea |
12cm
horshoe |
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What is the normal thickness of the trachea
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less than 3mm
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What are the findings of relapsing polychondritis
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-diffuse thickening of the trachea wall sparing the posterior membrane
- collapse of the trachea during expiration |
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What is the clinical course and treatment of these pts?
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recurrent pna
and they get a stent |
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What are other cartilage that may be affect by this disease |
the nose is flat
iflammation of the pinna of the ears |
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What happens to patients with post intubation stenosis
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A pt with stridor, and circumferential narrowing of the trachea that is focal and subglottic
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What is the differential diagnosis of focal circumferential stenosis
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post intubation steonsis
wegners infection (tb and fungal) sarcoid IBD |
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What types of infections may cause focal circumferential thickening of the trachea
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tb and other fungals
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What percent of pt with sarcoid tend to have disease that affects the trachea
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1-3%
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Is tracheal involvement in IBD typical
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no, rare and typical late phase
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Which 2 causes of circumferential stenosis of the trachea involve the subglottic region
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post intubation stenosis
wegners |
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Is wegners always focal
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no, can be a focal area or a long segment of concentric thickening of the tracheal wall
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What percent of pts with wegners will have airway involvement
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50%
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What % of pt with wegners will have trachea as the sole area of involvement
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2%, these patients usually have other manifestations as well
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Does wegners calcify?
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no
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Which has associated malacia; post intubation stenosis or wegners
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post -intubation stenosis and airway can collapse on expiration (wegners has none)
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What is the ddx for a nodular trachea
4 |
tracheobrochopathia-osteochondroplastica (TO)
tracheobronchial amylodosis papillomatosis mets |
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What is the most common location of papillomatosis
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upper larynx
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What is the causes of TO
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idiopathic
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Is TO benign or malignant
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benign
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How common is TO
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very rare
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What is the pathophysiology of TO
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development of cartilaginous and osseous nodules within the submucosa of the tracheal and bronchial walls
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What demographic does TO tend to affect
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older men
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How is TO similar to wegners
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no associated malacia
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Does TO effect the posterior membrane
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no
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Does relapsing polychondritis have Calcium
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no
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Does relapsing polychondritis have malacia
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yes
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What are the characteristis of the lesions that affect the trachea in amyloidosis
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Calcium is present
circumferential or not focal or long Can affect the posterior membrane |
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What are two nodular diseases that affect the trachea
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TO and amyloid
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What are two diseases which have calcium and affect the trachea
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TO and amyloid
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How do you differentiate between amyloid and TO
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Amyloid effects the posterior membrane while TO does not
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What is a circumferential disease (not really) that spares the posterior membrane
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relapsing polychondritis
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What are the circumferential diseases of the trachea
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post intubation, wegners, infection, sarcoid, IBD
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What is the causes of long segment narrowing of the trachea on frontal and increased A-P diameter on the lateral plain film
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Saber sheath trachea
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What is the cause of a saber sheath trachea
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increased intrathoracic pressure (COPD
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Can focal airway stenosis be caused by TB
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yes
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What percent of pt with wegners are CANCA positive
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90%
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What part of the airway does sarcoid tend to effect
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upper
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What part of the airway does IBD tend to affect
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subglottic
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Does TO have calcification
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yes
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What is another name for tracheobronchomegaly
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munier kuhn disease
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What is the cut off for considering something tracheomegally
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greater than 3cm
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What is the cause of tracheobronchomegaly
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atrophy of cartilage and connective tissue of airway wall
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What is the ddx for mounier-kuhns (tracheobronchomegaly) disease
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fibrosis of the lung (which will be tenting out the trachea)
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What % of tracheal masses are malignant
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90
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What is the MC tracheal malignancy
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SCC
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What is the second most common tracheal malignancy
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adenoid cystic
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What is the typical location of a adenoid cystic carcinoma
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a large or small posterior membrane mass
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Can an adenoid cystic carcinoma be circumferential
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yes
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Where does a mucoepidermoid carcinoma and carcinoid tend to occur
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the proximal airay (after bifurcation of carina)
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Does a mucoepidermoid carcinoma metastasize |
rarely
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What percent of mucoepidermoid carcinomas contain calcium
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50%
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Does a carcionoid tumor densely enhance on CT
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yes
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What are 5 causes of primary malignancy of the trachea
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SCC
adenoid cystic carcinoma mucoepidermoid carcinoma sarcoma adenocarcinoma |
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What is the mc mass of the trachea
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mets
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Are carcinoids usually circumscribe masses
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yes, circumscribed (round), enhancing, and proximal airway
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What is the tip of the iceberg sign
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in carnoid part of the tumor may be inside the lumen of the proximal airway but the majority is outside
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Are carcinoids vascular
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yes, biopsy with caution
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What are 2 causes of proximal airway neoplasms
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mucoepidermoid and carcinoid
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What test may give you a false postitive with carcinoid
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PET
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Can a carcoid tumor and mucoepidermoid carcinoma both have calcium |
yes
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What can a mass obstruction a proximal airway lead to |
bronchiectasis
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