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141 Cards in this Set

  • Front
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define: contamination
presence of elevated concentrations of substances in the water, sediments or organisms, which are above the natural background level for the area and for the organism
define: pollution
an introduction by man, directly or indirectly, of substances or energy to the marine environment, which results in deleterious effects such as harm to living resources, hazards to human health, affect marine activities, including fishing, and use of seawater, and reduction of amenities
what are some waste categories?
- degradable wastes
• fertilizers
• dissipating wastes
• particulate wastes
• conservative wastes
define: degradable wastes
• organic material: bacterially degradable to stable inorganic compounds (carbon dioxide, water, ammonia…). This includes: urban sewage, agricultural wastes, food processing wastes, brewing and distillery wastes, paper pulp mill wastes, chemical industry wastes, oil spillages
define: fertilizers
• agricultural fertilizers have the similar effect to organic wastes. Nitrates and phosphates enhance phytoplankton productivity
Define: dissipating wastes
• heat – cooling water from coastal power stations and factories. Usually discharge is about 10°C above the receiving water.
• acids and alkalis – seawater has enormous buffering capacity
• cyanide – comes principally from metallurgical industries
define: conservative wastes
not subject to bacterial attack and are not dissipated, but reactive in various ways with plants and animals
• heavy metals – mercury, lead, copper, zinc…
• halogenated hydrocarbons – DDT (dichlorodiphenyltrichloro-ethane), other chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticides (DDD, DDE), polychlorinated biphenyls…
• radioactivity
• anthropogenic carbon dioxide (?)
how do pollutants get from origination point to the ocean?
• rivers
• winds
• glaciers
• ships
• outfalls
• dumping sites

- offshore dumping
what are possible impacts of pollution?
• affects on human health
• affects on ecosystems in general
• mass extinctions, especially in deep sea environment
• affects on commercial fisheries
• amenities, tourism, recreation, aesthetic values
• scientific interest, threat to biodiversity
what is the photosynthesis formula?
energy + CO2 + H2O <----> CH2O + O2
explain the 4 trophic levels
inorganic nutrients -> plants -> herbivores -> 1 carnivores -> 2 carnivores
define: autotroph
provides its own food
define: heterotroph
relies of other sources to obtain food
define: bioconcentration
accumulation of a chemical in or on an organism when the source of chemical is solely water.

Bioconcentration can also be defined as the process by which a chemical concentration in an aquatic organism exceeds that in water as a result of exposure to a waterborne chemical
define: food level magnification/biomagnification
occurs when the concentration of a substance, such as DDT or mercury, in an organism exceeds the background concentration of the substance in its diet.

This increase can occur as a result of:

Persistence – where the substance can't be broken down by environmental processes

Food chain energetics – where the substance concentration increases progressively as it moves up a food chain

Low or non-existent rate of internal degradation or excretion of the substance – often due to water-insolubility`
define: euphotic zone
region of water column where
net photosynthesis is positive
define: compensation depth
amount of light intensity on the light curve where the rate of photosynthesis exactly matches the rate of respiration
define: net community production
OM community production - OM community consumption
define: critical depth
when Net Community production is 0
properties of water
• 2nd highest specific heat capacity
• Highest surface tension
• High melting and boiling points
• Excellent solvent
• Over a range of low temperatures,
ice is less dense than liquid water
define: eutrophication
excessive richness of nutrients in a lake or other body of water, frequently due to runoff from the land, which causes a dense growth of plant life and death of animal life from lack of oxygen.
define: oligotrophic
Shallow trophic zone:
- low nutrients
- lot primary productivity

Deeper Zone: high nutrients
- large volume
- slow use of O2
define: eutrophic
- shallow
- high nutrients
- high in primary productivity
draw: estuary nutrient cycling
draw: sal water wedge
draw: estuarine circulation
draw: estuary with bern
why are estuaries such a bad location for sewage discharge?
bad location b.c
- circulation pattern recycles pollutants
- long environmental residence time
- effective uptake of pollutants by organisms
- high biomagnification with commercial fishing species
Case Study: what was the cause for Escambia Bay pollution
cause:
- industrial pollution (polychlorinated by phenyls, organic wastes, heated wastewater)
- obstruction of circulation
- dredging
define: dredging
is an excavation activity or operation usually carried out at least partly underwater, in shallow seas or fresh water areas with the purpose of gathering up bottom sediments and disposing of them at a different location. This technique is often used to keep waterways navigable.
results is Escambia Bay
- multiple fish killings
- due to suffocation (from organic wastes, nutrient runoff, poor circulation)

- toxic chemicals -> extra stress
cheap sake bay: what was the cause of the problems?
- loss of 80-90 percent of grass beds
- declien in commercial fish
- decline is oysters
- summer o2 depletion
cheapsake bay: actions
joing agrrement btwn oragnizations (nationwide)
- protect and restore living habitats
- manage human impact on the watershed
- promote understanding
- increase citizenship participation
how can anoxia/hypoxia be made worse?
- nutrient loading
- restricted flow
- starified water columns
- over-fishing of shellfish
define: cultural eutrophication
•Anthropogenic acceleration of eutrophication
•Can have positive effects…if managed properly
–Aquaculture
•Negative effects
–Less desirable species tend to dominate
can cultural eutrophication have positive effects?
yes.

- aquaculture
define: aquaculture
Aquaculture, also known as aquafarming, is the farming of aquatic organisms such as fish, crustaceans, molluscs and aquatic plants.
negative effects of cultural eutrophication
- undesirable species tend to dominate
- extreme fluctuation of O2
- low diversity
- cuts off zooplankton as a residence of area. can affect the entire food chain this way.
explain main problems at kanaohe bay
- chnaged farming mechanisms in the mountains
- cultural eutrophication
- stream diversion into a long residence body o fwater (section)
- a lot of urbanization created more needs for concrete and this increased runoff and reduced water from percolating into the ground
- reduced salinity of the ocean water and this affected most of the corals in the area
kanaohe bay (cult eutrophication): recovery
-reduce nutrient inputs -> reduced bubble algae
- controlled runoff
- initial dramatic increase of corals
define: anthropogenic stress
- acidification
- nutrient overflow
- thermal pollution
natural stressors to oceans
- fluctuations in rainfall
...
define: non-point source pollution
refers to both water and air pollution from diffuse sources. Nonpoint source water pollution affects a water body from sources such as polluted runoff from agricultural areas draining into a river, or wind-borne debris blowing out to sea.
define: bed load
large, heavy particles that tumble along the bottom of the water body
define: suspended solids
small and buoyant in/organic particles
sediment load =
bed load + suspended solids
define: BOD
biochemical oxygen demand
- is the amount of dissolved oxygen needed by aerobic biological organisms in a body of water to break down organic material present in a given water sample at certain temperature over a specific time period.
- takes day to get reading
- very low limit
COD:
- chemical oxygen demand
- test is commonly used to indirectly measure the amount of organic compounds in water
- a useful measure of water quality
- has a higher limit than BOD
-
when 'runoff' events are occurring/thought to be occurring, what are the factors that you should look for during an investigation?
- concentration of pollutants in runoff (could use COD)
- soil erosion
- rainfaill -> amount and pattern
- runoff intesnsity
when harmful 'sewage' runoff events are occurring/thought to be occurring, what are the factors that you should look for during an investigation?
sewage discharge rate
- is there sewage overflow? (maybe due to elevated levels of rainfall?)
define: storm sewer
separate conduits for
runoff and sewage (~70% population)
Combined sewer:
Combined sewer systems (also
combined sewer overflow - CSO):
single conduit
(the overflow from this usually goes back untreated into open water bodies)
correction methods of sewer systems
1.) retention basins -> these are see to manage storm water runoff and prevent overflow and downstream erosion. doing this may also improve the water quality of surrounding bodies

2.) infiltration basin: directs storm water into groundwater through permeable soils (though some pollutants are not retained)
what is TARP?
- a system (implemented in chicago) that stores and treats urban runoff
ways to reduce urban runoff (in urban living)
- percolation systems
- gravel/crush rock
- concrete and porous material combinations would be much better than concrete alone
- sloping grass area
- confine building to dry areas (so that runoff doesn't get washed down)

e.g crown street
what does a primary sewage system do?
- removes coarse material
- is a primary clarifier
- primary sludge
what does a secondary sewage system do?
- what are some 2 types of 2 treatment?
- filters through sludge
- chlorinates
explain trickling filters
they are circular tanks with rocks or plastic media.

they are built to that effluent percolates down around 20-30 ft and is aerated

there is a microbial community within it, so that they oxidize the organic wastes (up to 70%) from the initial effluent

- another additional 15-20% can be converted to solid biomass with this technique

- less expensive
- 80-90% efficient

- good for varying types of sewage characteristics
describe the activated sludge process
- they are non directional tanks
- activated sludge floats at the top and it a flocculent looking organic material
- treatment is about 4-8 hours
(2 hours aeration, 1 hours settling, 1 hour of clear water)
- sludge recycling

- better for "easy" removal of activated sludge

-
explain what an anaerobic digester is and how it works
- structure with intricate tunnels filled with bacteria. these microorganisms then breakdown the material (biodegradation) in the absence of oxygen.

+ produces beningn sludge
+ potential for organic fertilizer
+ reduced volume of final sludge
+
describe a tertiary sewage treatment:
- when is it needed?
- mainly to remove nutrients

NEEDED when the discharge rate is high for the body of water it is going into (lake, river etc)
- where the water is shallow
- when there is restricted circulation
what are sources of thermal pollution?
75-85% - electric power plants
20 %
–Petrochemical plants
–Cokeries
–Steel mills
–Paper and pulp mills
how does a power plant work (basics)
- like a big boiler
- get water vapour compressed to turn the turbine
- creates energy
T/F: are power efficient?
False:
max ~60%
what is the issue with the power plant effluent? it's usually just water.
- the issue is the temperature that t comes out at. usually 5-20 higher than the water that came in!
- and in large quantities like they are used, this can increase the overall water temperatures of the water bodies around the area. Since animals usually only have a certain window in which they can survive, a 1-2 degree increase can be the difference (and is, as we have seen in the past) between a sauna and an oven for them.

- gas bubble disease
- chlorination effects
what must you take into account when analyzing heated water effluent in an area?
- the tolerance levels of the animals currently living there
- the water temperatures during the different seasons
- max and min daily temperature (can also be amongst seasons)
what are some solutions for hot effluent water in sensitive areas?
-
how are organisms equipped to survive in such conditions? are there some that are not?
- motile organisms can migrate areas if their habitat allows it
- if the impact is not too sudden, escape is possible

- sessile organisms are most harmed as they are non-motile
eg. coral reefs
what are some sublethal effects of thermal pollution?
- sterility or issues with spawning
- stress due to lack of oxygen
- affected migration patterns due to faulty external temp cues
- increased pumping rate of gills

- after all these effects to the native species, more resilient and undesirable species may take over the area. This could then effectively cause harm to the human population and industries
is there an effect of temperature with chlorine?
yes. the higher the temp is the more lethal the chlorine is in the water.
define/explain/list effects of "internal plant kills"

- which cause of death is greater than the other comparatively, inner plant kills, thermal, or screen?
- effects when organisms go through the power plant.

Harm can be caused to animals by:
- screen impingement
- direct plant kills (most fish are killed when they go through, a good chuck of zooplankton). This affects the photosynthetic rates of the zooplankton involved

screen kills> inner plant kills > thermal
ways to corrects power plant
• power plants located outside estuaries
• reduced water velocities (< 15 cm s-1)
• bubble curtains, velocity cups, mechanical
diversion systems
• rescue of impinged organisms
• minimizing amount of water drawn
from the environment
- open cooling canal systems
- if closed cooling canals are necessary then they need a long range of travel before they hit inhabited water
- cooling towers (but they don't look great and they're expensive)
Uses of thermal discharge
• Cogeneration power plants:
heating/cooling systems
• Agriculture:
– Heating  increased productivity
– Frost protection
• Aquaculture
• Desalination, snow/ice melting, defogging
identify the sources of metals in aquatic systems; explain the role of anthropogenic activities in the
mobilization of Hg, Cd, and Pb.
- mining
- processing
- bottom paints (metals that exfoliate)
- production of Cl2
- production go batteries
- electrical apprats
- dental fillings

Cd:
- found where zinc is
- long half-life
- affects kidney and liver if ingested
- causes Iati Itai disease
explain the significance of the insolubility of metals in waters with a neutral or basic pH
- they form OH- when they react with water
- this can make methylated versions of Hg
familiar with the toxicology of Hg, Cd, and Pb
- metals form OH- (basic) solution rather than acids
- these are non-essential metals and ken be dangerous/lethal in low concentrations

Inorganic Hg: (straight up metal liquid/gas) can cause damage in lungs/brain and this damage is irreversible

Organic Hg: (eg. alkyl Hg)
- damages central nervous system
- congenital disorders in infants
-
Explain how/why the industrial discharge into Minamata Bay in the early 1900s developed into one of the most serious
cases of Hg pollution
- high concentrations of mercury within the fish around the minamata bay area
- affected the water in the area
- Hg can severely affect
- mostly affected the east asian area due to the high consumption of fish/year
What are corrective measures to reduce the impacts of Cd and Pb mobilization and pollution?
- treat industry waste water (so that metals don't leak out onto ocean)
- efficient recovery from flue gasses (ones exiting i not the atmosphere)
- transposrt solids waste to adequate landfill neutral/basic)
- electroplating sludge not to landfills
- reduce industrial usage of Cd (pigments, plastic stabilizer)
- make large-scale programs to recycle batteries

Drastic measures: shut down
what is the nature of radioactivity?
- unstable isotopes due to free radicals in elements
- different intensities are baed on type of radiation emitted
alpha<beta<gamma
what are sources of radioactivity?
- x-rays
- nuclear medicine
- radon
- cosmic
• weapons testing (global fallout)
• damping, reprocessing
• power plant releases
• accidents (direct input, fallout)
what is the global distribution patterns for weapons testing?
weapons testing was really big/popular in the 60s. this has caused nuclear fallout
- the fallout pattern has mainly affected the northern hemisphere
- the pattern shows most transport from the strata to troposphere mainly accumulated i the mid latitudes

- most of the current fallout is now at the bottom of the oceans
what is the ecological impact from radioactivity?
- affects fauna (eg. Chernnobyl incident impact of not only the human population but also the current effect on the wild-boar population)
- increased cases of cancer in surrounding area
- loss of agriculture
- affect in waters as well
- bioaccumulation of radioactivity
what are some major ways (in terms of concepts) to deal with radioactive waste (waste disposal)?
- DOE waste disposal sites

Low level wastes:
- ocean dumping
- shallow land burial sites

High level wastes:
- land burial sites (deep)
- deep sea bed disposal

Plus sides for deep sea bed disposal
+ no contamination of ground water
+ no need to worry about earthquake damaging disposal sites
+ deep sea sediments form a good barrier so that the waste doesn't come back up
Understand acidity, acid rain and routes for acid deposition.
acidity: tendency to donate protons (H+)

- there are different types of acid deposition (wet/dry)

Wet: acid rain, snow, hail, dew, frost,
Dry: absorption of acid producing gases or settling of aerosols
Know the principles of aquatic buffering capacity.
- buffering capacity in abode of water is how much change (acid/basic) it can take before the inputs affect the pH of the system. Once all the buffers are used, then the change in pH starts.
- these buffers are for the most part natural (e.g limestone)
- however, buffer capacity differs between regions. for example a larger body of water (with limestone) will have by far a larger buffering capacity than a small creek with no leaching materials to uptake acidity
Know sources of acid pollution.
- industrial pollution
-
Be familiar with major methods for reducing SOx and NOx emissions.

1.) list reasons why
2.) list methods
- newer power plants (which don't consume as much SOx)
- carbon credit limits
- political stumuli
- economical stimuli since carbon process are rising

Methods:
SOx
- pre-combustion treatment
- conversion to S-poor alternative fuel
- fluid-bed combustion (non-flame combustion. downside is that there a lot of solid limestone waste)
- lime injection in multi stage burners (limestone injected in burner which absorbers the danger Sox gasses, and less pricey)

Post-Combustion:
- wet (lime slurry absorbs S) and dry scrubbing (absorb Sox and dries)
- electron beam method (spray cooles gasses with ammonia and this converts S gasses to fertilizer)


NOx:
combustion: keep T down can reduce emission by 30-50 percent
post-combustion:
dry-catalytic reaction: can reduce up to 90%
electron beam -> can reduce 50-90%
what are the damages are acidity can have on our environment?
Damage to physical environment
•􀀁 paint discoloration
•􀀁 corrosion of metals
•􀀁 dissolution of marble
Damage to biological environment
•􀀁 coniferous forest deterioration
•􀀁 lake fauna sensitivity (a lot of bugs can't survive in these conditions and they are the main source of food fish other animals)
•􀀁 change in marine calcium deposition
Carbon cycle disturbances, CO2 short-term and long-term variability.
Disturbances:
- combustion of oil fuel (6 Gt C) (changing it in the short term)
- changing land (long isn term)
- accumulation in oceans (long term)
-
Carbon sequestration methods.
Terrestrial:

storage in oil and gas reservoirs

storage in deep coal beds

storage in salt caverns

mineral carbonation, enhanced silicate weathering of olivine

storage in deep, saline aquifers

enhancing natural terrestrial cycle Oceanic:

storage in deep ocean

ocean fertilization

alkalinity adjustment
Deep sea sequestration: challenges and problems.
Reduced blood pH decreases the affinity of respiratory proteins for oxygen

pH drop by 0.2 reduced bound oxygen in the deep-sea shrimp by 25%

similar drop in pH reduced bound oxygen of midwater mysid (crustacean) by 50%

reduced pH and oxygen deficiency may trigger metabolic suppression in a variety of organisms
Will carbon sequestration via fertilization work?
what are the limitations?
can.
however only certain types of iron will work for this.
this is one of the most promising studies that we have going on, but before we implement on the large scale of the oceans we need to analyze and experiment more so that we do not further harm the system by trying to fix it.
CO2 gas storage in gas reservoirs

injected into a depleted or inactive reservoirs without any expectations

or sequestration of CO2 may result in enhanced oil/gas recovery

injected into producing oil and gas reservoirs to enhance their recovery
methods for ocean disposal of CO2:
1.) Droplet plume: liquid CO2 inhected 1000 m deep into the ocean creating a kind of plume delivery effect

2.) towed pipe: liquid injected below 1000m from a pipe towed by a moving ship and forming a rising droplet plume Note: above 3500m liquid CO2 positively buoyant

3.) Dry ice released at the ocean surface from a ship
For permanent storage of CO2 in the marine environment: the solid CO2 penetrator. Up to 1000 tons CO2 can be obtained as a solid by cooling to –71.5°C. Its density is ~ 1.6 times heavier than seawater. Shaped as a torpedo, it will fall through the water and penetrate deep into soft underlying sediments

4) CO2 lake: liquid injected to a seafloor depression forming a stable ‘deep lake’ at a depth of ~ 4000m Below 3500m liquid will become negatively buoyant and may form a CO2 hydrate (clathrate hydrate, CO2 x nH2O, 6<n<8), ice-like substance with a density about 10% greater than that of sea water
Characteristics of plastic and their pollution
- lightweight
- buoyant
- difficult to break apart
- and VERY persistent
Production history
- became popular due to
• Sources to ocean
- fishing industries
- waste/plastic pollution
- overflowing garbage

-river input
- coastal dump sites
- shore-based industries
- coastal recreation
- shipping*
- boating
-
• Distribution in ocean
- "The Patch" is the largest centre of plastic in the ocean (North atlantic). It's mostly due to accumulation by currents in the area.
• Effects on biota
-ingestion
- entanglement
- distortion of body shapes due to plastic entrapment
- lost crab and lobster traps (traps the crabs/lobster anyways)
-satiation (fake fulness in stomach)
- suffocation
- even the small fragments (other than causing intestinal damage) can affect filter feeders
what are some current correctives for plastic pollution
- legal
- prohibited disposal of plastics
- bannig ocean drift nets
- recycling
• clean-up of marine debris
• education
• zero waste strategy
• degradable plastics
Characteristics of industrial wastewater's oxygen sag.
Industrial waste are characteristic of high BOD and high amount of Suspended Solids

oxygen sag: the oxygen curve around the affected area

- has a sag in the middle

- the farther you go from the point of 'origin'/industry then oxygen levels start to raise back up (respiration is now lower than aeration)

1st respiration rate greater than aeration rate,then farther away the reparation rate is lower than aeration rates

(graph is is oxygen saturation vs distance from outfall)
Strategies for reducing industrial pollution.

oxidation of the organic matter in wastewater before discharging

SS removed using conventional sewage treatment procedure

conventional treatment may do poor job

at high BOD and SS: cost of treatment is very high


Reduce need of materials that result in waste

Recover and recycle before wastewaters are released

Remove wastes from effluents and dispose in environmentally acceptable manner
Salmon farming: problems, pollution, future perspectives.
Problems:

net loss: salmon farming depletes other fish

aesthetics: unsightly, odoriferous and interfere with natural settings

sewage from farms pollutes surrounding waters

introduced diseases and drugs use

escapes of farmed fish threaten native wild fish


Pollution:
-organic pollution from excrement
- organic pollution from wasted food that sink to the bottom and creates anoxic conditions
- organic due to fish bleeding
- chemical: due to antibiotics, pesticides, feed additives, paints, disinfectants

Future: escapes could potentially cause a override of the native species.
- there is some evidence that atlantic salmon has started to invade some native territory
- a way to deter them has been acoustic harassment devices (AHD) but these also affect seals and whales. Do not use
Characteristics of untreated pulp mill effluents.
- issue with pulp mills is that they use a lot of water and introduce new/harmful chemical into the water

- metals
- chlorinated organics
-DIOXINS
-FURANS
-acids and bases
-waste fiber
- clay
- Suspended solids
Mobility and fate of organic contaminants associated with pulp mill wastes.
- sink to the bottom and become anoxic
Sources and effects of dioxins.
- dioxins
Dioxin: • Demonstrated endocrine disruption effect
in vertebrate species including humans
• It is toxic and demonstrated carcinogen
• Highly stable
• Now found nearly everywhere on the
planet
Environmental impacts of pulp mill wastes.
1.) SS􀃆aquatic system􀃆flocculate and sink
􀃆cover benthic community
􀃆anoxic sediments, water column
􀃆pelagic community impacted (food,
shelter, anoxia)

2.) • 􀃆BOD 􀃆anoxia
• 􀃆Sphaerotilus (slime fungi) 􀃆
overgrowth of benthos, eggs
􀃆suffocation
• 􀃆surface active properties 􀃆foam,
inhibit gas exchange
• 􀃆discoloration of water
what does a high BOD indicate?
Biological oxygen demand is the rate at which microorganisms in water take up oxygen. A high BOD indicates two things:
- there is a high level of microorganisms in the water.
- (more importantly) there is a high content of organic material in the water that is broken down by the organisms. This is an indication of organic pollution.
what are AOX's
adsorbable organic compounds
- discharges from paper mills
how to make pulp mills safer
- invest in settling areas so that there is time to treat contaminated water
(bio-oxidation)
- use alternative bleaching agents
- use of alternate defoamers
- can use enzymes for de-coloration
how are humans affecting our oceans and environment?
Habitat destruction

Over-harvesting

Climate change

Chemical & nutrient application

Biological pollution
what is biological pollution?
- bringing in new species into novel areas
- trsnpoting a species (accidentally or not) into a non-native environment
- could cause problems such as exotic species over taking
define: exotic species
species that is new to the environment
define: invasive species
an exotic species that threatens the wellbeing of the native species
how do humans impact biological pollution?
- break barriers for transportation
Commercial shipping

Recreational boating

Aquaculture trade

Live fish & Aquarium trade

Research & Teaching
what are some types of shipping that cause biological pollution? how do they do this?
1.) ballast water -> traps water in the ships. however this water can also contain marine organisms and transport them to new non-native locations where they are able to thieve as exotic or invasive species

2.) ballast sediment -> able to survive harsh environments

3.) hull fouling
what are some sources of hull fouling/ballast water/boating/human related biological transport?
- small/large boats (can entangle organisms)
- bait transportation (some bait may be released/lost and is then seeded into the new area)
- aquarium 'leaks'
- accidental transport (on boots)
what are some impacts that we can see with biological pollution?
- economical effect due to change in a species we depend on (eg. salmon) but these can be both positive and negative
- change in habitat/ecosystem
- biodiversity loss in a possible case of an invasive species (eg. Nile perch)
- predation (lack of co-evolution/arms race. only one sided development)
- harmful effects for human population (cholera outbreak in peru)
what are some preventative measures/control/eradication from biological pollution?
Prevention:
with proper guidelines to transportation
- boat checks/regulations/inspections
- ballast water change
- predicting invasion and identifying hot spots

Control:
- building structure is mechanical and costly

Eradication:
- most costly to implement due to nature of water bodies
Production and use of oil.
uses:
- electricity
- residential/commecial
- transportation
- industry
Composition of oil and its toxicology.
Composition:
crude oil = hydrocarbons (alkanes, cycloalkanes). Small molecules most toxic and short lived. longer molecules less toxic but persist for longer.
Natural and anthropogenic discharges of oil to the marine environment.
Sources:
- some are natural oil spills (tectonic action)
- even natural gas seeps
- off-shore accidents (boating)
Correctives: prevention, cleanup, oil fingerprinting of oil spills
Prevention:
- ship maintenance with trained personnel
- cargo hold segregation

Cleanup:
- skimming
- clean with booms
- hot water cleaning (has its downsides killing a lot of fauna)
- application of fertilizer (only effective near surface)
- burning
- chemical dispersal (detergents, only to be used far offshore)
- bioremediation -> BEST, but slow

Fingerprinting:
- can find the source and composition of oil
Effects of the oil spill.
- suffocation of plants and animals
- reduce insulation (bird wings)/ buoyancy
- ingestion (during preening)
- toxic effect of ingested oils (differential depending of life stage affected)
- food chain effects
- how much 'food' (shellfish/fish) are contaminated
- serious effects of nursing/feeding grounds
if you were analyzing an oil spills what main information would you need/like to know before taking a course of action?
•Proximity to shore; location, depth (e.g., open, coastal, estuarine)
•Availability of nutrients/O2: biodegradation
•Temperature: evaporation, biodegradation, photochemical reactions
•Turbulence (wind, wave): mixing, dispersion, aerosol/emulsion formation,
•Composition of oil
–Crude versus processed
–Low versus high MW
–Young versus aged: low versus high viscosity

- is this a source of drinking water? (not huge)
what were the things we learned form the Exxon Valdez oil spill?
•Exxon Valdez spill had significant short-term effects on abundance of many species
•Effects on most individual species were short- term but ecosystem recovery is long term
•Efforts to clean the oil off beaches had greater effect on species than oil itself
•Absence of pre-spill information made assessment of harm very difficult
•Oil is sequestered and continues to cause harm
•Chronic persistence of oil, biological exposures, and population impacts to species closely associated with shallow sediments (sea otters)
•Delayed population impacts of sublethal doses compromising health, growth and reproduction
•Indirect effects of trophic and interaction cascades, all of which transmit impacts well beyond the acute-phase mortality
what are some types of pesticides?
- detergent
- insecticides
- repellants
- rodenticides
- -cides

Common terms:
- mold mildew killer
- bug spray
- bug repellant
- cockroach sprays
- weed killers

Algicides
Antifouling agents
Antimicrobials
Biocides
Disinfectants
Sanitizers
Fungicides
Fumigants
Herbicides
Insecticides
Miticides
Molluscicides
Nematicides
Ovicides
Repellants
Rodenticides
unintended problems with pesticides?
- affect non-target species
- create mutant strains
what is pesticide persistence?
- likely to spread through food web
- biomagnification of pesticide concentrations
where are unintended places that pesticides can go to>
- runoff
- be taken up by wind erosion
- can leech into underground water
- can eventually reach water sources
what are some non economical costs of using pesticides?
- human damage
- secondary predators become infected when ingesting dead host
- effects on birds (high egg-breakage, may be caused by altered hormone levels and behaviour. attributed to DDE)
how do pesticides reach the marine environment?
- river
- wind
- aerial spraying
- direct inputs

- can be absorbed readily into particles and affect the endocrine systems of animals
can pesticides affect human health?
it's vein investigated how this could cause male infertility, but the results so far are inconclusive
what is Mussel Watch?
- mussels are filter feeders
- they concentrate the comments in the water within their system (good for concentrating heavy metals, radioactive, hydrocarbons)

- this would be a good indicator of pesticides (pollution) within their surrounding waters
+ this would be economically reasonable
+ there are available lab facilities
why is there a need for qualitative assessment?
• pollution problems are not easily solved
• concentration matters
• different sectors of the environment
are interlinked
• waste disposal must be managed to reduce
damage in all environmental sectors
is banning pollution possible?
- it is not realistic
- there should be a compromise in solving pollution crisis with practicality
- the source is what needs to be death with and that is the TYPE of products used. these have to be replaced by non-harmful ones
what is the BAT for waste disposal? downsides?
- best available technology

- treat before disposing
- could have excessive cost
what is BPT for waste disposal?
best practical technology

- not with excessive costs
- eliminate/end where these methods are not practicable
what is the polluter pays principle:
• the polluter pays principle: the product or
activity should include the associated costs
of environmental protection

ie. if you pollute, you will be paying for the 'de-pollution' as well
OLT
OLT: optimum level of treatment

A: uphill -> effect of pollutntatnt on health
B: downhill -> cost to produce pollutant

A+B = total cost to society
Successful marine environmental management can be achieved if required actions are:
• environmentally sustainable
• economically viable
• technologically feasible
• legislatively permissible
• administratively achievable
• socially desirable (tolerable)