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97 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the three main parts of a routine UA? |
-Physical Properties
-Chemical Testing
-Microscopic Exam |
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What are the functions of the Kidneys? |
-Remove waste -Retain nutrients -Maintain acid-base -RBC production -Produce/breakdown hormones` |
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What does Urine provide information about? |
Metabolic functions |
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UA can diagnosis what? |
Renal disease, UTI, and systematic diseases |
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What does the Renal System contain? |
2 Kidneys
2 Ureters
1Bladder
1 Urethra |
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ADH? |
AntiDiuretic Hormone |
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BUN? |
Blood Urea Nitrogen |
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PU/PD? |
Polyuria/ Polydypsia |
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FLUTD? |
Feline Lower Urinary Tract Disease |
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LPF/HPF? |
Low Power Field (10x)/ High Power Field (40x) |
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TNTC? |
Too Numerous To Count |
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How much Urine for a UA? |
10-12ml |
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Urinary Cath.? |
Only used on male dogs |
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Why do you collect the first morning specimen and discard the first part of urine? |
Most concentrated and to prevent bacteria |
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Conditions to take into consideration when obtaining specimen? |
-Time -Length/Volume -Diet -Medication -Method of collection |
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What must be labeled on a specimen? |
-Animal name
-Date/ time
-Time
-Method |
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How long can you wait before analyzing a specimen? |
No more than 30mins |
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How long can you refrigerate a sample for? |
10-12hours and you must warm to room temp when removed |
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Things to be noted during a UA Physical Exam? |
-Color -Odor -SG -Transparency/ Turbidity -Volume |
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Changes that can occur in unpreserved urine? |
-Bacteria -Increase pH -RBCs lyse -Casts decompose -Ketones decrease -Turbidity increase -Changes in color |
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What is water composed of? |
95% Water and 5% Dissolved constitute |
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What is composition of urine affected by? |
-Diet -Nutritional Status -Metabolic Rate -General State -State of the Kidney |
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Normal dog urine output? |
12-30ml per pound of body weight |
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Normal cat urine output? |
5-9ml per pound of body weight |
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Factors affecting amount of urine? |
Enviroment Species Water intake Physical activity weight/ size |
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Color Urine: Pale to colorless |
Pathological: Polyuria, Diabetes, Pyometra
Non-Pathological: Recent fluid consumption, dilute urine |
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Color Urine: Dark yellow to Amber |
Pathological: Bilirubin, Urobilin
Non-Pathological: Concentrated specimen, food, drugs |
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Color Urine: Pink to Red |
Pathological: RBCs, Hemoglobin, RBC destruction
Non-Pathological: Food, drugs,Estrus contamination, Amorphous Phosphates |
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Color Urine: Brown to Black |
Pathological: Bilirubin, Melanin, Porphyrins, Myoglobin
Non-Pathological: Drugs, normal color in horses |
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Color Urine: Green to Blue |
Pathological: Biliverdin, Pseudomonas infection
Non-Pathological: Dyes, drugs, vitamins |
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Color Urine: White |
Pathological: Chyle, WBC (pus)
Non-Pathological: Phosphate crystals |
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What is the normal transparency for urine? |
Clear to slightly hazy |
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What does a dark urine color mean? |
Specific gravity is higher, high concentrated, dehydrated |
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What are the pathological causes for transparency in urine? |
-Increased WBCs and RBCs -Increased bacteria -Crystals -Mucus -Casts |
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What are the non-pathological causes for transparency in urine? |
-Crystals -Mucus -Semen -Normal Equine -Contaminated with feces |
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What does a strong ammonia odor indicate? |
Bladder infection |
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What does a sweet or fruity odor indicate? |
Ketones |
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What is the normal smell for a unneutered male cat? |
Strong odor |
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What are the purposes of SG? |
-To determine the kidneys concentrating ability
-To determine the kidneys diluting ability
-To monitor hydration status
-To aid in evaluation of chem and micro results |
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What is SG? |
Weight of urine/Weight of water |
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What is waters SG? |
1.000 |
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What is urine SG? |
Greater than 1.000 |
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What does decreased fluid intake do to SG? |
Increase SG |
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What does increased fluid intake do to SG? |
Decrease SG |
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What does increased SG do to urine? |
Dark, concentrated urine |
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What does decreased SG do to urine? |
Pale, dilute urine |
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What is Isothenuria? |
A kidney disease, not concentrated urine |
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What does a SG of 1.010 indicate? |
Chronic Kidney Disease. The SG is the SG of the glomerular filtrate |
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What does increased SG indicate? |
-Decreased water intake
-Excessive water loss
-Diabetes mellitus
-Hyperventilation
-Certain renal disease |
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What does decreased SG indicate? |
-Excessive fluid intake
-Pyometra
-Diuretics
-Decreased production of ADH
-Tubular damage (concentrating ability) |
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What 10 things do dipsticks test for? |
-pH -Protein -Glucose -Ketones -Blood -Bilirubin -Urobilinogen -Nitrate -Specific Gravity -Leukocytes |
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Advantages on using dipsticks? |
-Convenience and speed -Cost effective -Good stability -Ease in learning to use -Dispensability -Small sample volume -Space storage savings |
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What is the normal pH range in an animal? |
5.5 - 7.5 |
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What does a high protein diet mean? |
Acidic range urine |
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What does a vegetable based diet mean? |
Alkaline urine |
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What happens to urine left a room temp? |
Converted to Ammonia which increases the pH |
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Clinical significance of pH testing? |
-Alkaline (high pH) pH is seen in old specimens, if seen in fresh specimens, it indicates infection.
-pH gives a clue to chemical constitution of the urine sample
-Some metabolic disorders yield a very acid pH |
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Acidosis? |
Certain conditions (Starvation, diarrhea, diabetes mellitus) cause acidic blood pH which causes acidic urine. |
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Alkalosis? |
Conditions causing Alkaline blood and urine pH (vomiting, hyperventilation) |
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What can cause pH and Glucose to increase? |
Stress in animals |
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What can Protein help detect? |
Renal disease |
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What are the 2 reasons for proteinuria? |
-Damage to the glomerular capsule allows protein to pass
-Decreased reabsorption of protein by the renal tubular cells |
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What else can cause increase of protein in the urine? |
Bladder infections |
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Can protein appear in healthy animals? |
Yes, after exercising or cold weather |
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What does Glucose in the urine indicate? |
Diabetes mellitus, or even physical stress such as being restrained |
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Renal Threshold? |
Glucose appears in the urine when blood Glucose concentration reaches renal threshold |
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What is a dogs Blood Glucose Renal threshold level? |
Higher than 180mg/dl |
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What is a cats Blood Glucose Renal Threshold level? |
240mg/dl and higher |
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What other conditions can cause Glycosuria? |
-Stress from fear, excite, or restraint
-Glucose containing fluids
-Reduced tubular reabsorption
-High carbohydrate meal
-Hypothyroidism |
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What is Ketones screening for? |
Metabolic screening |
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How are Ketones formed? |
When the body metabolizes fat for an energy source instead of carbohydrates
Ketones bind with carbs. no carbs= more in urine |
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What does Ketones cause? |
Ketosis and causes blood acidosis |
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What are 3 conditions associated with Ketosis? |
-Diabetes mellitus
-Starvation/ Anorexia
-Liver disease/ damage |
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What 3 things do the chemical reagent strip test for? |
-RBC
-Hemoglobin- from lysed rbcs
Myoglobin- from muscle damage |
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What is Hematuria seen in? |
-Infection -Stone formation -Renal disease -Kidney or bladder disease -Bleeding disorder -Anticoagulant Therapy |
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What does Hemoglobin in the urine indicate? |
-Significant intravascular hemolysis
-Hemolysis within the kidney
-Hemolysis in the bladder |
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Myoglobin? |
Found after acute destruction of muscle fiber, red-brown color |
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What animals lack Bilirubin? |
Cat, sheep, pig and horses |
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What does Bilirubin preform? |
Information concerning metabolic or systemic disorders primarily liver disorders. Bilirubin is a by-product of RBC breakdown |
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What is the average life span of a RBC? |
120 days, it then breaks down in the liver and created into bilirubin (not soluble) |
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What is Bilirubin converted into? |
Urobilinogen |
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What can cause False Negatives for Bilirubin? |
Light. Bilirubin is light sensitive. It is a yellow-brown or amber color |
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What diseases see Bilirubinuria? |
-Hemolytic Anemia: Increased in destruction of RBCs. Livers ability to excrete excess bilirubin is impaired
-Liver Disease: Prevent the normal excretion of Bilirubin such as Viral Hepatitis and Toxic Hepatitis.
-Biliary Obstruction: Occurs when the flow of bile into the intestines is obstructed caused by gall stones, tumors and pancreatitis |
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What is Urobilinogen? |
Normal by-product of red blood cell degradation and it is used to monitor metabotic disorders. It is formed in the intestine and returned to the liver. Small amount in urine. |
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Increased urobilinogen can be seen is what? |
-Hemolytic Disorder
-During Dehydration
-Concentrated Urine |
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Urobilinogen is absent in the urine when? |
-When normal intestinal bacteria, that convert bilirubin to urobilinogen are altered
-If the urine is diluted due to polyuria
-When there is obstruction of the bile flow |
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What does Nitrate indicate? |
UTI. |
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What findings confirm the presence of bacteria and UTI? |
-Bacteria on microscopic exam
-WBC on microscopic exam
-Urine culture |
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What method is most reliable for SG? |
Refractometer |
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What does the WBCs test detect? |
It detects Esterase released from the WBCs in the urine providing another mean for screening for UTI. Microscopic exam needed to confirm WBCs |
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What False test results are common in dogs and cats? |
False-negative in dogs
False-positive in cats |
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RBC confirmatory test? |
A positive blood on the reagent strip and a lack of intact red blood cells on the microscopic exam would indicate the presence of hemoglobin |
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WBC confirmatory test? |
Microscopic exam |
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Bilirubin confirmatory test? |
Ictotest |
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Protein confirmatory test? |
Acid precipitation method |
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Glucose confirmatory test? |
Clinitest or blood glucose test |
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Ketones confirmatory test? |
Tablet test called Aetest |
