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290 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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The accumulation of fluid within interstitial spaces
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Edema
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fluid loss or gain accompanied by proportional changes of electrolytes
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Isotonic
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water loss or solute gain
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Hypertonic
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Water gain or solute loss
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Hypotonic
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pH normal
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7.35 - 7.45
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PaCO2 Normal
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35 - 45 mm Hg
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HCO3 Normal
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22 - 26 mm Hg
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Sodium Normal
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136-145 mEq/L
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Chloride Normal
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98 - 106 mEq/L
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Potassium Normal
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3.5 - 5 mEq/L
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Total Calcium Normal
Ionized Calcium Normal |
9 - 10.5 mg/dl
4.5 - 5.6 mg/dl |
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Serum Phosphorus Normal
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3 - 4.5 mg/dl
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Magnesium Normal
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1.3 - 2.1 mEq/L
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Main ECF anion, follows Na
Hypo - causes hypoventilation, restless, confusion, convulsions Treatment - increase NaCl, correct GI symptoms, seizure precautions Hyper - causes hyperventilation, hypotension, Decreased CO Treatment - IV fluids, sodium bicarb, monitor level of conciousness and RR |
Chloride
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Main ICF anion, Na/K pump, affects cell's electrical status, ICF osmolality
Hypo - muscle weakness and cramps, fatigue decreased tendon reflexes, EKG changes and arrhythmias Tx - Replace K Hyper - EKG changes and arrhythmias, Nausea, diarrhea, hyperactive bowel sounds Tx - insulin, bicarb, dextrose fluids, dialysis |
Potassium
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excess CO2
pH <7 restlessness, coma, SOB, tachypnea, Tx: bronchodilator, chest CPT, treat hyperkalemia |
Respiatory Acidosis
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Decreased CO2
dizziness, agitation, twitching and muscle weakness TX: treat underlying cause, give O2, sedatives |
Repiratory Alkalosis
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decrease in HCO3
Kussmaul's respirations, Hypotension, stupor, anorexia, N/V/D,fruity-breath Tx: mechanical ventilation, sodium bicarb, dialysis |
Metabolic Acidosis
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HCO3 retention
Picking at bedclothes, twitching, N/V/D, Trousseau's signs Tx: treat N/V, meds to excrete bicarb |
Metabolid Alkalosis
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sanguine
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blood
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cardio
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heart
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nephro
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kidney
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neuro
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nerve
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-lysis
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destruction
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-itis
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inflammation
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-pnea
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breathing, lungs
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brady-
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slow
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dys-
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painful, difficult
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lip-
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fat
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mal-
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bad
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-centesis
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surgical puncture to remove fluid
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hepato
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liver
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gastro
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stomach
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Three hormones responsible for controlling integrity of sodium and water balance.
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ADH (water conservation and perception of thirst)
Aldosterone (Na and K regulation) Natriuretic (water and sodium excretion) |
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the abnormal growth of cells that tend to invade neighboring tissues and spread to distant body sites
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Cancer
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refers to new growth
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neoplasm/tumor
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cancer cells have independence from normal cellular controls
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Autonomy
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loss of differentiation/loss of form
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anaplasia
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well encapsulated and well differentiated
do not spread/metastasize usually have suffix -oma |
Benign Tumor
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Grow Rapidly
Not well differentiated poorly defined invade local tissues spread to distant locations |
Malignant Tumor
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Cancer in the organ of origin
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Stage 1
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Cancer that is locally invasive
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Stage 2
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Cancer that has spread to regional structures such as lymph nodes
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Stage 3
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Cancer that has spread to distant sites
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Stage 4
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a combination of physical findings, lab testing, and imaging studies that reveal whether or not the cancer has spread
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Clincal staging
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Hepatitis viruses and Flaviviruses cause...
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Liver Cancer
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Herpes Virus causes...
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Nasopharyngeal cancer
Kaposi Sarcoma |
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Papillomavirus causes...
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Cervical cancer
Genital cancer |
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Retroviruses cause...
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Adult T-cell lymphoma
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The presence of ________ increase the risk that cancer will develop.
What are these? |
Co-Factors
(lifestyle decisions that can be modified. ex. smoking, alcohol abuse) |
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Most common cause of gastric cancer
Also responsible for peptic ulcer disease and gastric lymphomas |
H. Pylori
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What cancers commonly metastasize to the bones?
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Prostate (only to bone)
Breast (to the bones and lungs) |
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Types of Bone Cancer
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Malignant - Osteogenic sarcoma
Benign - Osteoma |
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Risk Factors for Cervical Cancer
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multiple sex partners or with a male who has had multiple partners
intercourse before age 16 |
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Cervical Cancer CM's
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usually asymptomatic, so pap smears are vital to diagnosis
vaginal discharge vaginal bleeding pelvic pain or back pain |
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a nonmalignant enlargement of the prostate gland
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Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia
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S/S of Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia
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urge to urinate often
decreased force of urinary stream bladder cannot empty all the urine and the increasing volume leads to long-term retention |
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Immunity gained after birth as a result of ummune responses
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Acquired Immunity
2 types: Active or Passive |
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Immunity received through clinical infection of the disease or immunization with live or killed vaccines
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Active Immunity
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donor to recipient immunity
transferred from mother to child via placenta or injection of serum from immune human |
Passive Immunity
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These cells secrete antibodies, which bind to antigens
Mature in 'bone marrow' Responsible for Humoral immunity |
B lymphocyte
(B cells) |
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These cells attack the antigen directly
Mature in the 'thymus gland' Responsible for Cell-Mediated Immunity |
T Lymphocyte
(T Cells) |
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immunoglobulin required for secondary immune response
only Ig that crosses the placenta |
IgG
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found in tears, saliva, and breast milk
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IgA
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responsible for primary immune response
forms antibodies to ABO blood antigens Largest and first responder |
IgM
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causes symptoms of allergic reactions
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IgE
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Functions of Antibodies
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Neutralize bacterial toxins
Neutralize viruses Opsonize bacteria Activate components of inflammatory response *Specificity is required for antigen-antibody binding |
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CM's of Inflammatory response
(Local Response) |
-Redness
-Heat -Pain -Swelling -Loss of Function -Leukocytosis -increased HR and RR |
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_________ __________ cue the inflammatory response
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Mast Cells
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-Important in cleaning the area before healing can take place
-Long life span -Can multiply -May stay in damaged tissues for weeks |
Macrophages
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Local Manifestations of Acute Inflammation
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Pain - from increasing pressure
Swelling - occurs as exudate accumulates Redness and Heat - result of vasodilation and perfusion |
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Immune response redirected against host's own cells
(Body against self) |
Autoimmunity
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What are some common Autoimmune diseases?
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Graves disease
Thyroiditis anemias Myasthenia Gravis Arthritis |
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Most common autoimmune disease
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Systemic Lupus
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Insulin's major job...
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decrease blood glucose
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Insulin secretion diminishes in response to:
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low blood glucose
high insulin level sympathetic stimulation of A cells |
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Somatostatin's function is...
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to inihibit glucagon and insulin
essential in metabolism of fats, carbs and proteins |
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Aging effects on the Thyroid gland
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T4 secretion is decreased
T3 levels decline hypothyroidism more prevalent TSH secretion is diminished |
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Another name for ADH Hypersecretion
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Syndrome of Inappropriate ADH
(SIADH) |
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S/S of SIADH
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Fluid volume retention (edema, weight gain)
Dilutional hyponatremia Decreased UO |
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SIADH Treatment
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treat cause
diuretic with cardio symptoms, K+ supplement Fluid restriction (600-800 cc/day) |
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ADH Hyposecretion is also known as:
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Diabetes Insipidus
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Interference with ADH synthesis, transport, or release
rid of too much water |
Diabetes Insipidus
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S/S of Diabetes Insipidus
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Polyuria (5-20 L/day)
Increased serum osmolality Hypernatremia -> polydipsia |
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Diabetes Insipidus treatment
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fluid replacement
strict I & O |
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Hyperthyroidism is also known as...
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Graves Disease
-autoimmune disorder -insufficient iodine in diet |
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S/S of Graves Disease
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**Everything speeds up
Tachycardia RR>120, dysmenia on exertion goiter |
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Treatment of Graves disease
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decrease effects of hormones
surgical therapy radioactive iodine therapy |
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disease caused by:
use of radioactive iodine destruction, removal, or suppression of all or some of the thyroid tissue during surgery |
Hypothyroidism
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S/S of Hypothyroidism
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*difficult to diagnose
fatigue and lethargy weight gain/low BMR cold hands and feet feet, hand, and eyelid swelling |
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Functions of the Parathyroid gland
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regulates calcium
activates Vitamin D Acts directly on bone and kidneys |
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disease caused by:
increased secretion of PTH |
Hyperparathyroidism
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S/S of HyperPT
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constipation
osteoporosis skeletal pain, incoordination headache, confusion, decrease attention span kidney stones |
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disease caused by...
inadequate circulation of PTH |
Hypoparathyroidism
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Most common cause of HypoPT is...
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accidental removal of Parathyroid glands
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S/S of HypoPT
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hypocalcemia (dysrhythmias, abdominal cramps)
dry skin, hair loss |
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also known as insulin shock/insulin reaction
results from decreased blood glucose |
Hypoglycemia
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S/S of Hypoglycemia
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pallor
tremor anxiety tacchycardia diaphoresis headache irritability fatigue poor judgement/confusion seizures and coma |
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increased blood glucose
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Hyperglycemia
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S/S of Hyperglycemia
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increased thirst
drowsiness blurred vision hunger frequent urination nausea dry skin |
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Normal Glucose range
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70 - 120
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Characterized by a lack of insulin and a relative excess of glucagon
weight loss is the classic symptom Ketoacidosis - increased glucose and ketones |
Type 1 Diabetes
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60-80% diagnosed are obese
Insulin resistance with inadequate insulin secretion |
Type 2 Diabetes
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blood cell production that takes place in the bone marrow
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Hematopoiesis
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A deficiency in the...
number of erythrocytes quantity of hemoglobin volume of packed RBC's |
Anemia
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Causes of Anemia
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decreased RBC's
Blood loss increased erythrocyte destruction poor nutrition |
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CM's of Anemia
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Response to Hypoxia (dyspnea, palpitation, diaphoresis, fatigue, dizziness, muscle pain)
Skin - Pallor, jaundice, impaired healing and loss of elasticity Increased CO, CHF Edema Paresthesias (numbness) GI - abdominal pain, N/V, anorexia low-grade fever possible |
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Caused by:
inadequate iron intake blood loss pregnancy |
Iron Deficiency Anemia
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caused by:
decreased RBC production Hemolysis Inadequate production of hemoglobin |
Thalassemia
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CM's of Thalassemia
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similar to IDA with mild splenomegaly and bronze coloring of the skin
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caused by:
insufficient iron uptake resulting in dysfunctional hemoglobin synthesis ringed sideroblasts |
sideroblastic anemia
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also known as pernicious anemia
caused by a lack of intrinsic factor production needed for absorption of vit. B12 |
Cobalamin (Vit. B12 Deficiency)
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CM's of pernicious anemia
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**beefy red and sore tongue
Anorexia, N/V, Neuro involvement mood swings, personality defects and memory loss |
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caused by:
poor nutrition malabsorption drugs/alcohol abuse asscociated with neural tube defectsof the fetus heart disease and colorectal cancer |
Folic Acid Deficiency
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CM's of Folic Acid Deficiency
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Stomatitis, painful ulcers in mouth
cachectic, malnourished appearance lack of neuro involvement |
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What are the Normocytic-Normochromic Anemias?
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- Aplastic Anemia
- Posthemmorrhagic anemia - Sickle Cell anemia - Hemolytic anemia - Anemia of chronic disease |
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also know as hypoplastic or pancytopenic anemia
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Aplastic Anemia
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anemia characterized by hypoplastic bone marrow
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Aplastic anemia
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CM's of Aplastic Anemia
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Rapid Onset
- hypoxemia, pallor, weakness, fever, dyspnea Slow Onset - Progressive weakness and fatigue |
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anemia that can be acute or chronic
CM's are related to blood volume loss rather than loss of hemoglobin |
Posthemmorrhagic Anemia
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a genetic disorder characterized by abnormal shaped RBC
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Sickle Cell Disease
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Sickle cell disease is triggered by:
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Infections, emotional stress, surgery, blood loss, dehydration, N/V/D, low temp.
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CM's of sickle cell
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pain, aching joints, hand pain
pallor, jaundice weakness, fatigue pneumonia priapism |
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characterized by:
tissue hypoxia/vaso-occlusion Pain in chest, back, extremities |
Sickle cell crisis
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Accelerated destruction of erythrocytes
severity of s/s depend on the degree of anemia and hemolysis |
hemolytic anemia
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anemia associated with AIDS, RA, SLE,Hepatitis, Inflammatory bowel conditions, chronic renal failure, malignancies
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Anemia of Chronic Disease
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Reduced platelet count (below 100,000)
caused by decreased platelet production/increased destruction |
Thrombocytopenia
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s/s begin with petechiaw and purpura and progress to major hemmorhage
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Immune Thromboctytopenic Purpura
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Platelet aggregation within microcirculation
causes thrombocytopenia, neuro abnorm., fever, and renal problems |
Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura
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Hallmark symptom - decreased platelets beginning 5-10 days after admin. of heparin
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Heparin-induced Thrombocytopenia
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CM's of Thrombocytopenia
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Petechiae
Pupura Ecchymoses - purple lesions prolonged bleeding from lesions hemorrhage CVA |
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Most common hemophilia
X-linked recessive - affects males, transmitted by females affected by factor VIII |
Hemophilia A
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less common hemophilia
Also X-linked recessive |
Hemophilia B
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CM's of Hemophilia
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slow persistent prolonged bleeding from minor trauma
uncontrolled hemorrhage nose bleeds, GI bleeds, Hematuria Hemathrosis - bleeding into joints |
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abnormal clotting causing serious bleeding
caused by: bacteria endotoxins, hypoxia, low blood flow, blood transfusions |
Disseminated Intrvascular Coagulation (DIC)
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CM's of DIC
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bleeding from insertion sites
Pallor, Petechiae, cyanosis of fingers and toes bloody stools, hematuria pulmonary emboli |
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also known as the pacemaker of the heart
base rate = 60-100 bpm |
SA Node
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nerves that connect SA node to AV node
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Bachmann's Bundle
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base rate = 40-60 bpm
takes over control when SA node no longer can |
AV Node
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Carry impulses to lower heart
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Bundle of HIS
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base rate = 30-40 bpm
at base of bundle branches |
Purkinje Fibers
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law that helps to explain the mechanism of heart action
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Frank-Starling Law
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law that states:
the vol. of blood in the heart at end of diastole is directly related to the force of contraction during the next systole |
Frank Starling Law
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law that states:
the amount of tension generated in the wall of the ventricles to produce a given intraventricular pressure depends on the size or the ventricle |
Laplace's Law
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law that helps to explain aneurism
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Laplace's Law
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law that states:
resistance to fluid flow through a tube takes into account the length of the tube, the viscocity of the fluid, and the radius of the tube's lumen |
Poiseuille's formula
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caused by atherosclerosis of the BV's
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Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)
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CM's of CAD
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stable vs unstable angina - chest pain
silent ischemia prinzmental angina - caused by spasm Myocardial Infarction - due to dead tissue |
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causes of CAD
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smoking
increased cholesterol diabetes fat/plaque adhering to vessel walls |
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consistent elevation in arterial BP
caused by increase in peripheral resistance |
Hypertension
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Normal ABG's
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pH = 7.35-7.45
pCO2 = 35-45 mm Hg pO2 = 80-100 mm Hg HCO3 = 22-26 mEq/L O2 Sat = 96-98% |
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reduced oxygenation of arterial blood
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hypoxemia
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reduced oxygenation of cells in tissues
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hypoxia
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collapse of the lung tissue
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atelectasis
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CM's of atelectasis
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cough
dyspnea fever increased WBC often occurs after surgery |
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presence of air or fluid in the pleural space
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pneumothorax
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type of pneumothorax that occurs from a penetrating wound through the chest to the pleural space
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Open pneumothorax
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type of pneumothorax that occurs when an open wound draws air into the pleural space during inspiration but prevents air escape.
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Tension penumothorax
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in tension pneumothorax what two things could be displaced?
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heart and mediastinum
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pneumothorax that occurs unexpectedly in healthy individuals
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spontaneous pneumothorax
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CM's of pneumothorax
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sever hypoxemia
dyspnea decreased BP/HR |
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permanent enlargement of gas-exchange airways that results in obstruction
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emphysema
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occlusion of a portion of the pulmonary bed by an embolus
most common cause is a DVT in the leg |
Pulmonary emboli
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CM's of pulmonary emboli
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increased HR/RR, dyspnea, anxiety, shock, hypotension, death
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High BP in the pulmonary arteries
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Pulmonary Hypertension
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CM's of pulmonary Hypertension
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seen early on EKG as enlarged right ventricle
fatigue, chest pain, increased HR |
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shock that results from heart failure
unresponsive to treatment |
cardiogenic shock
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shock that begins to develop when ICF volume has decreased by 15%
caused by loss of blood, plasma, or interstitial fluid in large amounts |
Hypovolemic shock
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shock caused by: trauma to the spinal cord or medulla, depressive drugs, anesthetics, severe emotional stress and pain
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Neurogenic shock
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**most severe shock
due to an allergic reaction |
Anaphylactic shock
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shock caused by an infection
CM - low BP, hypoxia, tacchycardia, renal dysfx., jaundice |
Septic shock
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what determines concentration of urine?
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Loop of Henle
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Age Related changes in the renal system
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Decreased RBF and GFR
Nephron amount decreases Tubular transport is affected drug elimination is delayed |
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diagnosed by >10,000 bacteria per mL of urine
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Cystitis
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inflammation of the glomerulus
occurs 7-10 days after infection |
acute glomerulonephritis
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often associated with a streptococcal infection
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Acute Glomerulonephritis
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most common cause of acute renal failure
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prerenal acute renal failure
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caused by impaired renal blood flow
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prerenal acute renal failure
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possible causes of prerenal acute renal failure include:
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Hypovolemia
hemorrhagic blood loss Hypotension or Hypoperfusion |
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usually results from acute tubular necrosis
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Intrarenal acute renal failure
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caused by obstructive uropathies, ureteral destruction, and bladder neck obstruction
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Postrenal acute renal failure
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urine abnormalities
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cloudiness - presence of bacteria
high solute concentration pH below 4.6 or above 8.0 specific gravity <1.001 or > 1.035 contains glucose or blood cells |
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white blood cells in the urine is a characteristic of...
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urinary tract infection
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risk factors for CAD
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Hyperlipidemia
Hypertension Smoking Diabetes Mellitus Genetics Obesity Sedentary life-style Estrogen deficiency Alcoholics Gender Hostile personality |
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any vascular disorder that narrows or occludes the coronary arteries
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Coronary Artery Disease
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normal creatinine levels
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0.7 - 1.2
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normal BUN levels
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10 - 20
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a sudden explosive, disorderly discharge of cerebral neurons and is characterized by a sudden transient alteration in brain function
involves motor, sensory, or physical CM's |
general definition for seizures
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prodromal phase of seizure disorder is characterized by:
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Early CM's:
Malaise headache sense of depression can occur hours to a few days before onset |
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tonic phase of a seizure is characterized by:
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a state of muscle contraction in which there is excessive muscle tone
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a state of alternating contraction and relzation of muscles
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Clonic phase of seizures
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The time period immediately following the cessation of seizure activity
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Postictal phase of seizures
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a progressive degenerative disorder of the cerebral cortex
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Alzheimer's disease
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CM's of Alzheimer's
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forgetfulness
memory loss difficulty learning and retaining information deterioration in personal appearance and hygiene |
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headache triggered by stress, hunger, fatigue, red wine, nitrates, MSG, chocolate, cheese, hormones, meds
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Migraine
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headache that can occur several times uring the day for several days at the same time on the same side
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Cluster headache
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CM's of cluster headache
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reddening of the eye
nasal stuffiness eyelid ptosis Nausea referred pain to the face and teeth |
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most common headache with mild to moderate band like pressure around the head
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Tension-type headache
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a degenerative disorder involving dopamine receptors, causing deficiency
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Parkinson's
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CM's of Parkinson's
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muscle rigidity
tremors mask-like facial expression higher pitched voice impaired speech |
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widespread neuro dysfunction
CM's include: vision problems, poorly articulated speech, muscle weakness and spasticity |
Multiple Sclerosis (MS)
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results in demyelination of the peripheral nerves
blocks conduction of nerve impulses to muscles and results in paralysis |
Guillain-Barre Syndrome
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CM's of G-B syndrome
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paralysis of the legs
complete quadriplegia respiratory insuffieciency |
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a chronic autoimmune disorder mediated by antiacetlycholine receptor antibodies that act at the neuromuscular junction
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Myasthenia Gravis
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CM's of Myasthenia Gravis
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fatigue
weakness - worsens with activity affects muscles of the eye, face, mouth, throat, and neck first |
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bleeding that occurs in the esophagus, stomach, or duodenum
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upper GI bleed
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characterized by frank, bright red bleeding or 'coffee ground' material
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upper GI bleed
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common causes of upper GI bleed
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esophogeal bleeding
peptic ulcers Mallory-Weis tear |
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bleeding that occurs from jejenum, ileum, colon, rectum
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lower GI bleed
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causes lower GI bleed
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polyps
inflammatory diseases cancer hemorrhoids |
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what are the best indicators for massive blood loss in the GI tract?
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Changes in BP and HR
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bloody vomitus
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hematemesis
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black, sticky, tar-smelling stools caused by digestion of blood
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Melena
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trace amounts of blood in normal-appearing stools/gastric secretions
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Occult bleeding
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inflammatory disease from mouth to anus
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Crohn's disease
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CM's of Crohn's disease
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irritable bowel for years
diarrhea abdominal tenderness bleeding |
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walls become thickened from inflammation and scarring due to the inflammatory nature of the disease
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Crohn's disease
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inflammation of the diverticula
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diverticulitis
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inflammation of the vermiform appendix
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appendicitis
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CM's of appendicitis
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abdominal pain that subsides and reoccurs on the right side
N/V, anorexia |
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accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal space
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Ascites
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-fear of obesity or weight loss
-distorted body image -body weight 15% less than normal -absence of 3 menstrual periods |
Anorexia Nervosa
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transmission - fecal/oral
Incubation - 4-6 weeks; contagious 4 weeks later tx - vaccines |
Viral Hepatitis A
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transmission - blood/body fluids/needles/sexual contact
Incubation - 6-8 weeks Tx - vaccine or immunoglobulin |
Viral Hepatitis B
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transmission - transfusions, IV drugs, sexual
Incubation - 35-60 days Tx - interferons, medicinal treatments |
Viral Hepatitis C
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occurs 2 weeks after
CM's - fatigue, anorexia, malaise, N/V **highly transmissable during this phase |
Prodromal phase
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occurs 1-2 weeks after; lasts 2-6 weeks
increased serum bilirubin CM's - jaundice, dark urine, clay colored stools **actual phase of illness |
Icteric Phase
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phase begins with resolution of jaundice
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Recovery phase
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an irreversible inflammatory disease that disrupts liver structure and function
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cirrhosis of the liver
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CM's of cirrhosis
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liver is usually enlarged
Anorexia, nausea, jaundice, and edema |
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caused by toxic effects of chronic excessive alcohol intake
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alcoholic cirrhosis
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gallstone formation
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Cholelithiasis
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caused by idiopathic inflammation and destruction of the intrahepatic bile ducts
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primary biliary Cirrhosis
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caused by prolonged partial or complete obstruction of common bile duct or branches by gallstones, tumors, fibrotic strictures, or chronic pancreatitis
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secondary biliary Cirrhosis
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risk factors for cholelithiasis
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obesity, middle age, women
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CM's of cholelithiasis
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abdominal pain and jaundice
food intolerances to fatty foods |
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tissue cells in the esophagus change due to excssive GERD
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Barrett's esophagitis
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inflammation of the pancreas
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pancreatitis
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form of pancreatitis where alcoholism and biliary tract obstruction are commonly associated
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Acute Pancreatitis
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CM's of acute pancreatitis
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pain in the abdomen, often worse with eating
N/V, fever, increased HR Abdominal swelling |
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a risk factor for pancreatic cancer
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chronic pancreatitis
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bright red stools
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hematochezia
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the sphincter that releases chyme into the duodenum
at the base of the stomach |
pyloric sphincter
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an obstruction of the pyloric sphincter caused by hypertrophy of the sphincter muscle
common in infants |
pyloric stenosis
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CM's of pyloric stenosis
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2-3 weeks after birth, infant begins to vomit without reason
usually occuring after eating |
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elevated levels of this enzyme seen with pancreatic inflammation
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serum amylase
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normal value of serum amylase
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27-131 U/L
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a bone-forming cell
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osteoblast
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cell that reabsorbs bone during growth and repair
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osteoclasts
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consists of 80 bones
made from the skull, thorax, and vertebral column |
axial skeleton
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consists of 126 bones
made of the upper and lower extremeties, and shoulder and pelvic girdle |
Appendicular skeleton
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4 steps of muscle contraction
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1) excitation
2) coupling 3) contraction 4) relaxation |
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effect of aging on bones...
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there is a loss of bone tissue
they become brittle and weak |
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bone breaks all the way through
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complete fracture
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fracture or break that is not all the way through the bone
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incomplete fracture
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break where the skin is broken
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open/compound fracture
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break where the skin is not broken
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closed/simple fracture
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fracture that runs parallel to the long axis of the bone
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linear
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a diagonal break
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oblique
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twisting break; encircles entire bone
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spiral
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break straight across the bone
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transverse
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primarily in children
bone breaks into shards outer bone only affected |
greenstick
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break that should not have normally happened under the circumstances
ex. osteoporosis |
pathologic
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usually in athletes
repeated injurious movement on one area |
stress fracture
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CM's of fractures
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impaired function
deformity swelling pain impaired sensation (numbness) |
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realignment of bone fragments
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reduction
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temporary
weights apply firm steady pressure and pulls bones back in place |
traction
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connects muscle to bone
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tendon
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connects bone to bone
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ligament
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a tear in the tendon
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strain
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a tear in the ligament
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sprain
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density and mass of bone diminishes
weight bearing ability decreases increased risk of fracture |
osteoporosis
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most common noninflammatory disorder
characterized by loss of articular cartilage |
osteoarthritis
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characterized by fusion of spine and sacroiliac joints
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Ankylosing spondylitis
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cuased by increase in uric acid
S/S - uric acid crystals harden in joints |
Gout
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when uric acid crystal are visible through the skin
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Tophi
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musculoskeletal syndrome that causes total body diffuse pain
characteristically has tender points |
Fibromyalgia
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curvature of spine with no real reason
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scoliosis
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extreme knee pain
occurs in active pre-adolescent boys |
Osgood-SSchlatter disease
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also called decubitous ulcers
most often caused by unrelieved pressure |
pressure ulcers
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risk factors for pressure ulcers
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immobility
incontinence malnutrition chronic disease anemia |
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a common form of delayed hypersensitivity
ex. contact with poison ivy, chemical irritants, latex, drugs, etc. |
allergic contact dermatitis
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Type I - causes fever blisters
Type II - genital infection |
Herpes Simplex
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also known as shingles
characteristic on face, cervical and thoracic regions of the body |
Herpes Zoster
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aka chickenpox
contagious one day before and 5-6 days after |
Herpes varicella
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caused by a yeastlike fungus
can normally be found on mucous membranes of the skin, in the GI tract, and in the vagina initial lesion is a thin-walled pustule |
Candidiasis
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most deadly melanoma
most common diagnostic is to observe moles - the ABCD method |
Malignant Melanoma
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excessive hair growth in women in characteristic male patterns
ex. mustache, beard, etc. |
Hirsutism
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excessive hair loss
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alopecia
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blindness can be caused by what STD??
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Chlamydia
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