U2 Skeletal System: Histology & Cytology

Front 1

ligaments are part of what system?

Back 1

skeletal system

Front 2

Are connective tissues part of the skeletal system?

Back 2

yes

Front 3

What are the 6 functions of the skeletal system?

Back 3

support

storage of minerals (calcium)

storage of lipids (yellow marrow)

blood cell production (red marrow)

protection

leverage (force of motion)

Front 4

the skeletal system stores what 2 things?

Back 4

Storage of minerals (calcium)

storage of lipids (yellow marrow)

Front 5

The skeletal system produces what?

Back 5

blood cell production (red marrow)

Front 6

What are the six bone shapes?

Back 6

long bone

flat bones

sutural bones

irregular bones

short bones

sesamoid bones

Front 7

what bones are found in arms, legs, hands, feet, fingers, and toes?

Back 7

long bones

Front 8

What bones are found in the skull, sternum, ribs, and scapula?

Back 8

flat bones

Front 9

The spinal vertebrae and pelvic bones are an example of what kind of bones?

Back 9

irregular bones

Front 10

The ankle (tarsals) and wrist bones (carpals) are example of what kind of bone?

Back 10

short bones

Front 11

The patelia is example of kind of bones?

Back 11

sesamoid bones

Front 12

The shaft of a long bone would be called?

Back 12

diaphysis

Front 13

The wide part at each end of a long bone would be called?

Back 13

epiphysis

Front 14

What is the name of the place where diapyhsis and epiphysis meet?

Back 14

metaphysis

Front 15

what pyhsis has a heavy wall of compact bone, or dense bone?

Back 15

diaphysis

Front 16

what part of the diaphysis helps with storage and lessens weight of bone while still leaving the bone strong?

Back 16

The marrow cavity

Front 17

Dense, supportive connective tissue desribes what type of tissue?

Back 17

Bone (osseous) tissue

Front 18

Bone tissue can also be called?

Back 18

osseous tissue

Front 19

what tissue contains specialized cells and produces solid matrix of calcium salt deposits (strength)?

Back 19

Bone (osseous) tissue

Front 20

Bone (osseous) tissue dense matrix contains deposits of what?

Back 20

calcium salts

Front 21

Bone cells are located within what part of the dense matrix?

Back 21

lacunae

Front 22

bone cells within the luncunae are organized around "what" in dense matrix?

Back 22

blood vessels

Front 23

What forms pathway for nutreints and exchange nutrients and wastes?

Back 23

canaliculi

Front 24

Does the canaliculi have blood vessels going through it?

Back 24

no

Front 25

What makes up 2/3 of the bone matrix?

Back 25

calcium phospate

Front 26

what makes up 1/3 of the bone matrix?

Back 26

protein fibers (collagen)

Front 27

what are the 4 types of bone cell?

Back 27

osteocytes,osteoblasts,osteoprogenitor cells, osteoclasts

Front 28

what bone cells live in the lacunae and are between layers (lameliae) of the matrix?

Back 28

osteceocytes

Front 29

which bone cell is associated with making new bone?

Back 29

osteoblasts

Front 30

Mesenchymal stem cells that divid to produce osteoblasts describes which bone cell?

Back 30

osteoprogenitor cells

Front 31

clasts means?

Back 31

chew

Front 32

which bone cell dissolves bone matrix and release stored minerals (osteolysis)

Back 32

osteoclasts

Front 33

When bone building (by osteocytes) and bone recycling (by osteoclasts) are balanced, it creates what?

Back 33

homostasis

Front 34

When there is more breakdown than building, bones become what?

Back 34

weak

Front 35

what the basic unit of mature compact bone called?

Back 35

osteon

Front 36

When osteocytes are arranged in concentric lamellae it's called?

Back 36

osteon

Front 37

which bone matrix forms an open uetwork of trabeculae?

Back 37

spongy bone

Front 38

what has blood vessels, forms re blood cells, and supplies nutrients to osteocytes?

Back 38

red marrow

Front 39

which marrow is located in some bones, and in spongy bone?

Back 39

yellow marrow

Front 40

why do we need yellow marrow?

Back 40

because it stores fat

Front 41

periosteum membrane is located where on compact bone?

Back 41

on the outside

Front 42

What covers all bones except parts enclosed in joint capsules?

Back 42

periosteum membrane

Front 43

The humen bones grow until what age?

Back 43

age 25

Front 44

osteogenesis is what?

Back 44

bone formation

Front 45

the process of replacing other tissues with bone is called ossification or calcification?

Back 45

ossification

Front 46

The process of depositing calcium salts is calcification or ossification?

Back 46

calcification

Front 47

does calcification occurs during bone ossification and in other tissues?

Back 47

yes

Front 48

what are the 2 types of ossification?

Back 48

intramembranous ossification

endochondral ossification

Front 49

Which step of intramembramous ossification?

-Mesenchmal cells aggregate

-differentiate into osteoblasts

-begin ossification at the ossification center

-develop prjections called spicules

Back 49

step 1 - Intramembranous ossification

Front 50

Which step of intramembranous ossification?

-When blood vessels grow into the area to supply the osteoblasts and spicules connect trapping blood vessels inside the bone.

Back 50

step 2 Intramembranous ossification

Front 51

What step of intramembranous ossification?

-When spongy bone develops and is remodeled into osteons of compact bone, periosteum, or marrow cavities.

Back 51

step 3 Intramembranous ossification

Front 52

What is: ossifies bones that originate as hyaline cartiage is intramembranous ossification or endochondral ossification.

Back 52

endochondral ossification

Front 53

do many or few bones originate as hyaline cartilage?

Back 53

many bones

Front 54

how many steps occur in growth and endochondral ossification of long bones?

Back 54

6 steps endochondral ossification

Front 55

Condrocytes in the center of hyaline cartilage enlarge, form struts and calcify, causing chodrocytes to die and leave cartilage,

is what step of endochondral ossification?

Back 55

step 1 endochondral ossification

Front 56

Blood bessels grow around the edges of the cartilage; cells in the perichondrium change to osteoblasts-producing a layer of superficial bone around the shaft which will continue to grow and become compact bone.

is what step in endochondral ossification?

Back 56

step 2 endochondral ossification

Front 57

Blood vessels enter the cartilage; bringing fibroblasts that become osteoblasts; spongy bone develops at the primary ossification center.

is what step of endochondral ossification?

Back 57

step 3 endochondral ossification

Front 58

which step of endochondral ossification does secondary possification centers form?

Back 58

step 5 endochondral ossification

Front 59

Remodeling creates a marrow cavity; bone replaces cartilage at the metaphyses.

is which step of endochondral ossification?

Back 59

step 4 endochondral ossification

Front 60

capillaries and osteoblasts enter the epiphsis; creating 2 secondary ossification centers.

is what step of endochondral ossification?

Back 60

step 5 endochondral ossification

Front 61

when the epiphysis fill with spongy bone; cartilage within the joint cavity is articulation cartilage; cartilage at the metaphysis is epiphyseal cartilage.

is which step of endochondral ossification?

Back 61

step 6 endochondral ossification

Front 62

when compact bone thickens and strengthens long bone with layers of circumferential lamellae is what type of growth in endochondral ossification?

Back 62

appositional growth

Front 63

when long bone stops growing, after puberty the epiphyseal cartilage does what?

Back 63

disappears

Front 64

when epiphyseal disappears, what forms?

Back 64

epiphyseal lines

Front 65

when osteoclasts enlarge marrow cavity; osteons from around blood vessels in compact bone means the bone is what?

Back 65

a mature bone

Front 66

recycles and renews bone matrix; involves osteocytes (destroy), osteoblasts (build), and osteoclasts (eats) is describes what?

Back 66

remodeling

Front 67

The bone continually does what? hint: the 3 r's

Back 67

remodels, recycles, replace

Front 68

is the turnover rate consistent or varied?

Back 68

varies

Front 69

if deposition is greater than removal, the matrix and bone do what?

Back 69

bone gets stronger and the matrix grows

Front 70

if removal is faster than replacment, the matrix and bone do what?

Back 70

matrix shrinks and bone gets weaker

Front 71

Where is calcium stored?

Back 71

the bones

Front 72

Where is calcium absorbed?

Back 72

the digestive tract

Front 73

if ions are removed from the skeleton, what happens to the bones?

Back 73

it causes weakening bones

Front 74

How many steps are there in fracture repair?

Back 74

4 steps fracture repair

Front 75

Bleeding produces a clot (fracture hematoma); establishes a fibrous network; then bone cells in the area die.

is what step of fracture repair?

Back 75

step 1 fracture repair

Front 76

cells of the endosteum and periosteum divide and migrate into fracture zone; calluses begin to stabilize the break; external callus of cartilage and bone surrounds breaks; then internal callus develops in marrow cavity.

is what step of fracture repair?

Back 76

step 2 fracture repair

Front 77

Osteoblasts replace central cartilage of external callus with spongy bone.

is what step of fracture repair?

Back 77

step 3 fracture repair

Front 78

osteoblasts and osteocytes remodel the fracture for up to a year creating compact bone and reducing bone calluses.

is which step of fracture repair?

Back 78

step 4 fracture repair