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187 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
For each of the following sentences, identify the adverb clause. If there is not an adverb clause, write none. (flip for definition)
ADVERB CLAUSES are dependent clauses that answer the same questions about a sentence or about a verb that adverbs do: where, when, how, to what extent, why. They can also provide other information: a reason (answering the question why), an effect, a contrast, a condition.

Subordinating conjunctions usually begin adverb clauses. Examples: where, wherever, after, before, when, whenever, while, until, because, since, now that, as, so that, in order that, although, though, even though, if, unless, in case, as long as, even if.

*Tip: when you correctly remove an adverb clause from a sentence, all that's left is an independent clause.
When we went to Paris, we saw the Eiffel Tower.
When we went to Paris
Because he was tired, he slept.
because he was tired
Take an umbrella in case it rains.
in case it rains
While walking in the park, I spotted a stray dog.
while walking in the park
After that, we never look at tofu in the same way.
none

*After is a subordinating conjunction, but here it is a preposition starting an adverbial prep phrase because there is not a subject and verb after it.
As soon as you speak, we can go.
As soon as you speak
In case of emergency, use the alternate stairway.
none

*In case is a subordinating conjunction, but here it is a preposition starting an adverbial prep phrase because there is not a subject and verb after it.
We didn’t attend because of a prior commitment.
none

*Because of is a preposition even though "because" by itself is a subordinating conjunction.
Now that you know, you will be held responsible.
now that you know
Although he was hungry, he skipped supper.
Although he was hungry
Although hungry, he skipped supper.
none
I drove so we could arrive early.
so we could arrive early

*There is an understood "that" after "so," making it a subordinating conjunction and not a coordinating one. Be sure to look for understood "that"s with other subordinating conjunctions as well.
The last time you drove, we were late.
the last time (that) you drove
Provided you have the motivation, I will allow it.
provided (that) you have the motivation
She cried even though nothing was particularly sad about the movie.
Even though nothing was particularly sad about he movie
Although careless and often unmotivated, the student surprised me with his hard work yesterday.
None
Once typed instead of handwritten, your term paper may be submitted via email.
None
You may sit near me as long as you will not distract me on purpose.
As long as you will not distract me on purpose
If provoked or cornered, even gentle animals will attack.
None
I put on pants one leg at a time just as you do.
Just as you do
Before making the final decision about a house, she should consult an inspector.
None
I have no regrets even if things don’t work out.
Even if things don’t work out
I will be in my office until 3 o’clock or until the building closes.
None
When meeting your potential parents-in-law, always be kind and polite.
none
After the fruit is picked off the trees, it is sent to farmer’s markets in the area.
After the fruit is picked off the trees
Though exhausted from the manual labor, he enjoyed chopping the trees.
none
She took a computer course so that she would be more marketable to large corporations.
so that she would be more marketable to large corporations
Although he has a master’s degree in history, he is a businessman at heart.
Although he has a master’s degree in history
Even if you scrimp and save, you can lose all your money in a second.
Even if you scrimp and save
Given that you are less experienced, why don’t I take over from here?
Given that you are less experienced
If provoked, a porcupine will shoot its quills at you according to popular legend.
none
For each of the following complex sentences, identify the adjective clause. If there is not an adjective clause, write none. (flip for definition)
An ADJECTIVE CLAUSE is a dependent clause that has the same function as adjectives and adjectival prep phrase: it describes or modifies a noun.

The most common words that begin adjective clauses and function as the subjects of them are that, who, whose, whom and which. These are called RELATIVE PRONOUNS. Other words, however, can also begin adjective clauses.

Most adjective clauses come right after they noun they modify. They are not movable.

Adjective clauses can begin with understood, unwritten "that"s, so if it looks like there are two sets of subject verb beside each other without a word in between, there may actually be an unwritten "that."

When you remove an adjective clause from a sentence, what's left is a complete independent clause.
Mike, whose ancestors came from Scotland, wear kilts sometimes.
whose ancestors came from Scotland
The woman who lives two streets away from me works at the hospital.
who lives two streets away from me
Will you buy me that bicycle as a Christmas present?
None

*That is functioning as an adjective here.
The letter that Larry mailed on Tuesday still hasn’t reached California.
that Larry mailed on Tuesday
Summer, which is my least favorite season, is finally over.
which is my least favorite season
Which type of ethnic food do you prefer?
None

*Which is functioning as an adjective here.
Whose office are we meeting at for this conference?
None

*Whose is functioning as an adjective here.
With whom are you driving to Missouri for the holidays?
none

*Whom is functioning as an OP here; it is not part of an adjective clause because there is only one subject and verb in the sentence.
Which laptop that you looked at yesterday will you actually purchase?
that you looked at yesterday
Is that jacket the one that you wanted?
that you wanted
Were you expecting this leather jacket or that ugly jacket with the holes in the sleeve?
None
The reference section of the library is rarely used these days, a fact about which the university is concerned.
a fact about which the university is concerned

*This adjective clause does not begin with the word "which." It begins with "a fact" because "a fact" is a general noun that summarizes what was presented in the main clause. Sometimes sentences do this summarizing before introducing an adjective clause.

If that seems too confusing, just remember that if you forget any piece of the adjective clause, the independent clause that's left won't make sense.
My aunt, who clearly had plastic surgery, denies the fact.
who clearly had plastic surgery
The tool he used actually caused damage to the building.
(that) he used
Craig searched for the beautiful girl he’d seen studying the library yesterday.
(that) he’d seen studying in the library yesterday.
That new cell phone over there is the one that costs $200.
that costs $200
Judy said yes to his proposal, which was a shock to everyone.
Which was a shock to everyone
My teacher is a world-renowned author of science-fiction novels, a skill that I greatly admire.
a skill that I greatly admire
Without a strong grasp of these difficult concepts, you will not pass the class.
none
Which of the new concepts is she referring to?
None
I’ve been using this same pen you gave me two years ago for all my class notes.
(That) you gave me two years ago
The teacher whose students created the card is a colleague of mine.
Whose students created the card
He thanked the man who warned him of the danger.
Who warned him of the danger
Does your sister, who works at the grocery store, work during the holidays too?
Who works at the grocery store
How will I identify that man that I am supposed to meet after my flight?
That I am supposed to meet after my flight
The argument essay the student submitted yesterday was clearly plagiarized.
(that) the student submitted yesterday
Which suspect is the one you saw last night outside your home?
(That) you saw last night outside your home
I’ve been pretty patient this year, which is an accomplishment for me.
Which is an accomplishment for me
The runaway thief whose car ended up in a ditch was apprehended shortly after his accident.
Whose car ended up in a ditch
Let’s meet at a time when you are available.
when you are available

*Although when usually begins an adverb clause, here it does not. The clause is describing the noun "time" by answering the question "which one?"
There is the hospital where I was born.
where I was born

*Although where usually begins an adverb clause, here it does not. The clause is describing the noun "hospital" by answering the question "which one?"
Whenever you want to eat, I will set the table.
none

*There is an adverb clause not an adjective clause.
For each of the following sentences, decide whether who or whom appropriately fills the blank. (flip)
Who is the correct pronoun when it is the subject of the clause (whether it is an independent clause or an adjective clause), and whom is correct when it is the direct object or OP of the clause.

If the clause is a question, reorder it to make it sound like a statement instead.

Tip: If the blank is best filled he or they, use who. If the blank is best filled with him or them, use whom (trick: these all end in “m”).
____ waited on our table?
Who
For ____ is this gift?
whom
____ did you invite to the party?
whom
To ____ should I address this letter to the university?
whom
For ____ are you designing this plan for a new house?
whom
____ is calling me right now?
who
Jerry introduced us to the man ____ founded the coffee shop.
who

*The who/whom is part of an adjective clause in this sentence, so we need to look at that clause by itself. Who is the subject of that clause.
We spoke to the man after ____ the shop is named.
whom
____ will you ask to help you will all this work?
whom
The volunteers may not be the people ____ are the most qualified.
who
My neighbor, ____ has written many novels, autographed my copy of his book.
who
The man of ____ you spoke highly yesterday never showed up.
Whom
If the individual ____ is guilty does not come forward, everyone will pay the consequences.
Who
I cannot stand my sister, ____ receives many letters but never opens them.
who
The current manager of McDonald’s, a man ____ I admire, worked his way up from a janitor.
whom
____ is that lovely young woman doing her presentation right now?
Who
The leader for ____ I have intended this letter will receive it by Monday.
Whom
My supervisor at work, ____ has worked there for 20 years, has retired.
who
For each of the following complex sentences, decide whether the adjective clause in parentheses is essential or nonessential. (flip for definition)
ESSENTIAL or restrictive clauses provide information that is necessary to specify which noun the sentence is referring to out of a group of similar nouns.

NONESSENTIAL or nonrestrictive clauses provide information that is not necessary to understanding which exact noun the sentence is referring to because the noun is specific enough. The information in the clause is extra.
My mother (who gave birth to twins) has recently lost a lot of weight.
nonessential

*We do not need to know that she gave birth to twins to understand which mother we are talking about. There is only one mother.
My cousin (who works in a pie crust factory) has been fired.
essential

*It is necessary because it helps us understand which cousin of many the sentence is talking about, i.e. the cousin who works in a factory as opposed to the one who works in an office or in a store, etc.
I created a sculpture (that is on display in a museum).
essential

*Generally, clauses that begin with that are essential.
This summer, I visited California (the capital of which is Sacramento).
nonessential

*We don’t need to know what the capital is to know which California the sentence is talking about. There is only one.
This summer, I took Biology from the professor (who has a notorious reputation).
essential
The man (who ordered a pizza five hours ago) just ordered another.
Essential
Mr. Kerry (who ordered a pizza five hours ago) just ordered another.
nonessential
Edward hopes to return to the city (where he met his wife).
essential
Edward hopes to return to Seattle (where he met his wife).
nonessential
The car (that Madeline purchased from a used dealership) gives of a nasty black exhaust.
Essential
There are rats nesting in the attic (where I keep all my childhood toys).
Nonessential
The waiter (who served our appetizers) did not care about our complaint of hair in our food.
Essential
The manager of Bitanelli’s (for whom my cousin used to work) speaks only Italian.
nonessential
For each of the following complex sentences, identify the dependent clause and whether it is adverb or adjective. There may be more than one dependent clause in each sentence. (flip)
Remember that if you have picked out the clause correctly, what is left should be a complete sentence.

Watch out for unwritten "thats" in both.
Some people who are wealthy buy expensive cars that are not fuel-efficient.
Who are not wealthy (adjective)
That are not fuel-efficient (adjective)
Which one is the person who is most capable of doing the best job?
Who is most capable of doing the best job (adjective)
Even though the famous pilgrim celebration in Massachusetts in 1621 is regarded as the first American Thanksgiving, twelve other Thanksgiving celebrations also claim to be the first.
Even though the famous pilgrim celebration in Massachusetts in 1621 is regarded as the first American Thanksgiving (adverb)
Americans eat roughly 535 million pounds of turkey on Thanksgiving, which equals millions of dead birds.
Which equals millions of dead birds (adjective)
The turkeys depicted in Thanksgiving pictures are not the same domestic turkeys that most people eat at Thanksgiving.
That most people eat at Thanksgiving (adjective)
Domestic turkeys usually weigh twice as much and cannot fly because they are so large.
Because they are so large (adverb)
Although the popular Plymouth, Massachusetts first Thanksgiving story lasted three days, Thanksgiving is now just one day.
Although the popular Plymouth, Massachusetts first thanksgiving story lasted three days (adverb)
The Thanksgiving season could be classified as more than one day if we include the days-off we get around Thanksgiving.
If we include the days-off (adverb)
We get around thanksgiving (adjective)
This famous first feast, which included berries, shellfish, boiled pumpkin, and deer, occurred sometime between September 21 and November 1.
Which included berries, shellfish, boiled pumpkin, and deer (adjective)
In reality, Thanksgiving is not just one holiday now that it mixes different traditions together.
Now that it mixes different traditions together (adverb)
Since Abraham Lincoln proclaimed a national Thanksgiving holiday in 1863, Thanksgiving has been observed annually.
Since Abraham Lincoln proclaimed a national Thanksgiving holiday in 1863 (adverb)
Even though President Madison declared two national Thanksgivings in 1815, none of the celebrations actually happened.
Even though President Madison declared two national Thanksgivings in 1815 (adverb)
The tradition of pardoning Thanksgiving turkeys began in 1847 though Lincoln informally began the practice when he pardoned his son’s pet turkey.
Though Lincoln informally began the practice (Adverb) when he pardoned his son’s pet turkey (adverb)
After Roosevelt moved Thanksgiving to the next-to-last Thursday in November, many Republicans rebelled and celebrated their own Thanksgiving on the last Thursday.
After Roosevelt moved Thanksgiving to the next-to-last Thursday in November (adverb)
Not all states wanted a national Thanksgiving because they thought the federal government was exercising too much power.
because they thought the federal government was exercising too much power (adverb)
Sarah Joseph Hale, whose tireless work helped establish Thanksgiving as a national holiday, also was the first advocate for women teachers in public schools.
whose tireless work helped establish Thanksgiving as a national holiday (adjective)
Macy’s Thanksgiving Day Parade, which was established in 1924, ties for second as the oldest Thanksgiving parade.
Which was established in 1924 (adjective)
Canada also has a national Thanksgiving that is similar to ours.
That is similar to ours (adjective)
Since 1957, Canada’s Thanksgiving has been celebrated on the second Monday in October while the first one was set on November 6.
While the first one was set on November 6 (adverb)
Baby turkeys are called poults, and turkeys are called gobblers only if they can gobble.
Only if they can gobble (adverb)
For each of the following complex sentences, identify the noun clause. (flip for definition)
NOUN CLAUSES are dependent clauses with a subject and verb tat function like nouns in the sentence. Nouns can be subjects, DO, IO, SC, and OP in a sentence; so can noun clauses.

Many noun clauses begin with the word that. Other words that begin noun clauses include if, how, what, whatever, when, where, whether, which, who, whoever, whom, whomever, why.

When you remove a noun clause from a sentence, what is left is NOT a complete sentence.

Last tip: noun clauses are replaceable with a one-word pronoun, like it, he, him, they, them.
I could see that you would enjoy bungee jumping
that you would enjoy bungee jumping.
We will teach whoever cares about massage techniques.
whoever cares
Why does he constantly brag about how he is the pizza-eating champion for the U.S.?
how he is the pizza-eating champion for the U.S.
Your problem is different because for you, the problem is that she lost your new GPS.
that she lost your new GPS
Whether you choose me or her is completely up to you.
whether you choose me or her
They wonder if I would have actually asked them to the party.
if I would have actually asked them to the party
Where the elephant was last seen was not far from the city.
where the elephant was last seen
That I return the call is important.
That I return the call
Why you elected this class over others makes absolutely no difference to me.
Why you elected this class over others
I questioned how she could manage so many different jobs into her busy schedule.
how she could manage so many different jobs into her busy schedule.
As a child, I was obedient and did whatever my parents told me.
whatever my parents told me.
What you are telling me is quite a shock to a conservative person like me.
What you are telling me
Teachers need to check for student understanding to determine if they should change their teaching methods.
if they should change their teaching methods
Whoever leaves the lights on all night in the house is racking up our electric bill.
Whoever leaves the lights on all night in the house
Is the specialty pizza what you ordered?
What you ordered
The only issue with electronic portfolios is that we cannot access hard copies.
that we cannot access hard copies.
I will accept whatever the judge decides in my lawsuit case.
Whatever the judge decides in my lawsuit case
Gerald is the one who has the ugly scar on his back from a childhood biking accident.
who has the ugly scar on his back from a childhood biking accident
I will present my case to whoever listens.
whoever listens.
For each of the following sentences, identify whether who or whom correctly fills the blank. (flip)
Remember this trick: He/they=who
He/them=whom

Who (or whoever) is the correct pronoun when it is a subject or SC within its clause, and whom (whomever) is correct when it is a DO, IO, or OP within its clause.
I plan to ask ____ volunteers this evening.
(either whoever or whomever)
whoever
____ did this should be kicked out of the office.
(either whoever or whomever)
whoever
I can’t remember ____ told me that story.
who
I can’t decide ____ I should blame for making us late.
whom
At Christmas, we donate our old clothes to ____ needs them most.
(either whoever or whomever)
whomever
I don’t know ____ might have done this.
who
He would not tell me ____ he bought the flowers for.
Whom
Sadly, we may never understand ____ was the recipient.
who
For each of the following sentences, identify any and all dependent clauses and what type they are. There may be none, one, or more than one. (flip)
Sentences with a dependent clause are complex sentences. They have two sets of subject and verb.

Adverb clauses: removable and movable; always start with a signal word

Adjective clauses: removable and immovable; follow nouns; don't always start with a signal word

Noun clauses: not removable and immovable; replaceable by a pronoun; always start with a signal word

Don’t forget to look for the understood, unwritten that in clauses.
Bungee jumping is a great adrenaline rush that would satisfy your need for adventure.
That would satisfy your need for adventure (adjective)
Those individuals who do indeed care will receive valuable information.
Who do indeed care (adjective)
The only problem I have with her is her tardiness.
I have with her (adjective)
I would have invited you if you had asked me.
If you had asked me (adverb)
The safari tour guide led us to the place where the elephant was last seen.
Where the elephant was last seen (adjective)
I chose this tour because it goes where the elephant was last seen.
Where the elephant was last seen (adverb)
In Australia, speedos are called “budgy smugglers,” which is a term derived from the name of a small parrot.
Which is a term derived from the name of a small parrot (adjective)
The most expensive swimsuit in the world is a bikini that is worth $30 million because it is made of diamonds and platinum.
That is worth $30 million (adjective)
Because it is made of diamonds and platinum (adverb)
The first chest-revealing swimsuit for men appeared in 1932 and was called the “Topper.”
None
The suit had a detachable top that could be zipped away from the trunk bottoms.
That could be zipped away from the trunk bottoms (adjective)
In 1907, when Australian swimmer Annette Kellerman wore a one-piece swimsuit that showed her arms and legs, she was arrested for indecent exposure.
when Australian swimmer Annette Kellerman wore a one-piece swimsuit (adverb)
that showed her arms and legs (adjective)
During the eighteenth century, women wore what were called bathing gowns, which were long dresses of wool or flannel.
what were called bathing gowns (noun)
which were long dresses of wool or flannel (adjective)
Muslim women can wear a burqini, which was introduced in 2007 by a Lebanese-Australian designer.
which was introduced in 2007 by a Lebanese-Australian designer (adjective)
One woman was banned from a Paris pool because Parisian officials deemed the full-body swimsuit unhygienic.
because Parisian officials deemed the full-body swimsuit unhygienic (adverb)
Although modesty laws in the early 1900s were strict, it’s still surprising that a woman was detained at Coney Island for wearing a bathing suit in public under her clothes.
Although modesty laws in the early 1900s were strict (adverb)
that a woman was detained at Coney Island for wearing a bathing suit in public under her clothes (noun)
In the early 1900s, many American cities created laws that required stockings for women in swimsuits.
that required stockings for women in swimsuits (adjective)
The first swimsuits of the 1800s were made of heavy material; it makes me wonder whether skinny-dipping began then.
whether skinny-dipping began then (noun)
Women who wanted to swim in the ocean could only jump through the waves while they were holding a rope attached to buoy because swimsuits weighed more than 20 pounds.
who wanted to swim in the ocean (adjective)
while they were holding a rope attached to buoy (adverb)
because swimsuits weighed more than 20 pounds (adverb)
Minoan paintings from 1600 BC and mosaic in Sicily from 300 AD show women in two-piece suits like the bikini from the 1960s.
none
When the first bikini was introduced in 1946, it was marketed as a two-piece swimsuit that revealed everything about a girl except her mother’s maiden name.
When the first bikini was introduced in 1946 (adverb)
that revealed everything about a girl except her mother’s maiden name (adjective)
The first outfit of the Barbie doll, which debuted in 1959, was a black and white striped swimsuit.
which debuted in 1959 (Adjective)
The vast majority of the swimwear market is women’s swimsuits.
none
In developing countries, the women’s swimwear market is slow because of cultural and religious constraints that restrict women’s apparel.
that restrict women’s apparel (adjective)
The last time Marilyn Monroe appeared in a bikini on screen was in the 1962 film Something’s Got to Give.
Marilyn Monroe appeared in a bikini on screen (adjective)
The bikini is named after the islands in the Bikini Atoll in the North Pacific’s Marshall Islands where the U.S. tested the atomic bomb in 1946.
where the U.S. tested the atomic bomb in 1946 (adjective)
La Femme is an all-female beach in Egypt where women can replace their long head and body coverings with bikinis without feeling as if they are sinning.
where women can replace their long head and body coverings with bikinis without feeling (adjective)
as if they are sinning (adverb)
Though nude bathing was perfectly acceptable, ancient Greeks sometimes wore bathing costumes.
Though nude bathing was perfectly acceptable (adverb)
Because of its great expansion in the 1800s to the Pacific, what the railroad did was significant in creating a need for swimwear.
what the railroad did (noun)
Why Louis Reard invented the bikini, which was original made of 30 square inches of material, is unknown.
Why Louis Reard invented the bikini (noun)
which was original made of 30 square inches of material (adjective)
Before Reard, Jacques Heim created what he called the Atome that was a forerunner of the bikini.
what he called the Atome (noun)
that was a forerunner of the bikini (adjective)
Heim said that his bikini was the world’s smallest swimsuit.
that his bikini was the world’s smallest swimsuit (noun)
After Reard invented his bikini, he declared that he had split the atom with the creation of his smaller suit.
After Reard invented his bikini (adverb)
that he had split the atom with the creation of his smaller suit (noun)
Topless men were banned from the beaches of Atlantic City in New Jersey because they city said they didn’t want gorillas on the beach.
because they city said (adverb)
they didn’t want gorillas on the beach (noun)
The Hollywood Hays code, which started in the 1930s, prohibited the showing of navels on screen.
which started in the 1930s (adjective)
As a result, the first bikinis were high-waisted and covered the navel area.
none
At the first Miss World competition in 1951, Kiki from Sweden became the first and last woman who would wear a bikini for her crowning ceremony.
who would wear a bikini for her crowning ceremony (adjective)
The popular 1960s song “Itsy-Bitsy Teenie-Weenie Yellow Polka-Dot Bikini” in which a young girl is wearing the title bikini and the Sports Illustrated Swimsuit edition helped mainstream the bikini in the U.S.
in which a young girl is wearing the title bikini (adjective)
Now that people wear swimsuits when they are tanning, swimsuit manufacturers are concerned with how UV-protective their fabrics are.
Now that people wear swimsuits (adverb)
when they are tanning (adverb)
how UV-protective their fabrics are (noun)