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47 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is mesenchyme? |
undifferentiated loose embryonic connective tissue i.e. cells differentiated to become any type of connective tissue cell |
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erythrocytes (red blood cells) |
function: oxygen/carbondioxide transport have: hemoglobin (HbA - adult, HbF - fetus) blood type antigens GLUT-1 (insulin-independent) no nuclei/organelles |
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leukocytes (white blood cells) |
Granulocytes: neutrophils basophils eosinophils Agranulocytes: monocytes lymphocytes |
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trombocytes (platelets) |
function: form platelet plugs, prevent blood loss; secrete vasoconstricting agents
synthesize: serotonin, TXA2
*smallest cells in blood
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neutrophils |
function: phagocytosis, involved in inflammation have: granules synthesize: cytokines (especially IL-1) |
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eosinophils |
function: involved in allergic reactions phagocytosis (phagocytose Ag-Ab complexes) |
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basophils |
function: involved in allergic reactions, hypersensitivity, inflammation and anaphylaxis have: IgE receptors synthesize: heparin, histamine, serotonin |
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monocytes |
function: phagocytosis *mononuclear phagocyte system |
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macrophages (histiocytes) |
origin: bone marrow
function: phagocytosis, antigen processing and presentation
synthesize: cytokines, chemotactic factors, growth factors, α-1antitrypsin
*mononuclear phagocyte system
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mast cells |
origin: bone marrow function: involved in allergic reactions, inflammation have: IgE (generated upon first interaction with antigen) synthesize: heparin (perivascular mc), histamine, chondroitin sulfate (mucosal mc), arachidonic acid products |
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plasma cells |
origin: bone marrow -> B lymphocytes syntesize: antibodies |
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white adipose cells |
origin: undifferentiated mesenchyme cells function: insulation, energy (TAG) storage, mechanical cushioning synthesize: leptin, adiponectin, adipsin, resistin, TNF α, IL-6, PAI-1 *do not divide/proliferate |
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brown adipose cells |
origin: undifferentiated mesenchyme cells
function: thermogenesis (babies, hibernating animals)
have: thermogenin
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type II alveolar cells |
location: lungs synthesize: surfactants |
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B lymphocytes |
function: provide humoral immunity |
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T lymphocytes |
function: provide cell-mediated immunity |
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fibroblasts |
origin: undifferentiated mesenchyme cells synthesize: connective tissue fibers, ground substance (ECM) |
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osteoblasts |
origin: differentiated mesenchyme cells (osteoprogenitor cells) function: makes organic part of bone matrix have: alkaline phosphatase (ALP) synthesize: connective tissue fibers, ECM *ALP: bone matrix calcification |
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osteoclasts |
origin: bone marrow function: bone resorption location: Howship lacunae *mononuclear phagocyte system |
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osteocytes |
origin: osteoblasts (osteoprogenitor cells - mesenchyme) function: exchange of nutrients and waste (through gap junctions - all throughout the bone) |
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chondroblasts |
origin: mesenchyme cells -> blastema (chondrification center) synthesize: connective tissue fibers, ECM |
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chondrocytes |
origin: chondroblasts (mesenchyme) function: provides elasticity synthesize: connective tissue fibers, ECM |
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reticulocytes |
synthesize: reticular fibers (type III collagen) |
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endothelial cells |
function: blood clotting, inflammation (margination-extravasation), vasoconstriction / vasodilation |
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myofibroblasts |
function: fibroblast-like, contractile cells have: actin, myosin no basal lamina |
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pericytes |
origin: undifferentiated mesenchyme cells have: actin, myosin, tropomyosin |
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dentritic cells |
location: lymph nodes function: antigen processing and presentation |
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Kupffer cells |
location: liver function: liver macrophage *mononuclear phagocyte system |
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skeletal muscle fiber (skeletal muscle cell) |
origin: myoblasts (mononuclear cells - blend together to form a single skeletal muscle cell with multiple nuclei) *can be as much as 1m long |
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cardiac muscle cells |
synthesize: ANP, BNP |
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smooth muscle cells |
origin: mesenchyme cells synthesize: ECM (type I, III, IV collagen), elastin, proteoglycans, glycoproteins |
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neuroglia cells |
Central nervous system: astrocytes oligodendrocytes microglia cells ependymal cells Peripheral nervous system: Schwann cells satellite cells |
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astrocytes |
origin: neural tube (ectoderm)
location: central nervous system protoplasmic a.→ gray matter fibrous a. → white matter
function: form blood-brain barrier (astrocytes + endothelial cells = bbb), maintain chemical concentrations, stimulate scar tissue formation in case of damage to CNS, provide support for neurons
have: extensions (foot processes, no axons or dendrites!)
* biggest cells in CNS * first to differentiate (among neuroglia cells)
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oligodendrocytes |
origin: neural tube (ectoderm) location: central nervous system, gray and white matter function: myelin sheath formation (of multiple axon segments) in CNS: provides insulation & fast neural transmission PS: nodes of Ranvier: myelin sheath gaps, unmyelinated parts between myelin sheaths |
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microglia cells |
origin: bone marrow (mesoderm)*** location: central nervous system function: CNS macrophage synthesize: cytokines *mononuclear phagocyte system |
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ependymal cells
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origin: embryonic neuroepithelium location: central nervous system function: line the CSF-filled ventricles in the brain and the central canal of the spinal cord, move and absorb CSF, form choroid plexus with adjacent capillaries, filter blood to make CSF have: cilia, microvilli no typical basal lamina synthesize: CSF (cerebrospinal fluid) |
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Schwann cells (neurolemmocytes) |
origin: neural crest of the embryo location: peripheral nervous system function: principal glia of the peripheral nervous system analogues of oligodendrocytes myelin sheath formation (of a single nerve segment) neurolemma formation (outermost nucleated cytoplasmic layer of Schwann cells that surrounds the axon of the neuron) |
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satellite cells |
origin: neural crest of the embryo function: surround and provide both metabolic and mechanical support for neuron bodies in ganglia |
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neurons |
* terminally differentiated cells: do not divide/proliferate |
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keratinocytes |
origin: ectoderm (highly differentiated epithelial cells) generated in basal layer (stratum basale) of epidermis location: skin - epidermis function: involved in forming epidermal water barrier synthesize: keratin (tonofilaments), tonofibril and lamellar bodies (stratum spinosum), keratohyaline granules: filagrin and tricohyaline (stratum granulosum) |
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melanocytes |
origin: neural ectoderm → neural crest → melanoblasts type: dendritic cell (have irregular shaped cytoplasmic projections) location: skin - epidermis, dermis, hair follicles white people → basal layer (stratum germinativum) of epidermis black people → all 5 layers of epidermis function: by secreting melanin → provide uv protection, determine skin color pigment donation: melanin → keratinocytes have: lots of melanin granules, little tonofibrlis no desmosomes synthesize: melanin staining: DOPA reaction |
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Langerhans cells |
origin: bone marrow type: dendritic cell location: skin - epidermis (especially palms and sole of feet) function: antigen processing and presentation skin macrophage have: Birbeck granules *mononuclear phagocyte system |
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Merkel cells |
type: dendritic cell location: skin - epidermis (stratum basale) abundant in finger tips function: receive tactile information (sense of touch) have: keratin filaments *Merkel's corpuscle=tactile disk: neuron + Merkel cell |
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hepatocytes |
origin: endoderm location: liver |
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retinal cells |
Retinal neurons: - photoreceptors: rod and cone cells - bipolar cells - ganglion cells - horizontal cells - amacrine cells Retinal glial cells: - Müller cells - astrocytes - microglia |
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rod cells |
location: retina, mainly at the outer edges
function: night vision (activated at low light levels), peripheral vision; involved in seeing shape, movement etc.
have: rhodopsin |
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cone cells |
location: retina, mainly near fovea centralis
function: color vision (bright light - are less sensitive to light than rods), detailed vision
have: iodopsin (consists of photopsins) |
