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154 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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the dienchepalon is where
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above mid brain below cerebrum
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sourounds 3rd ventricle
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thalamus
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2 sides of thalamus is connected by what
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massa intermedia
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sensory info that goes to the cerebrum must go through the ____ first?
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thalamus
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the thalamus is responsible for attaching a ____ to a stimulus
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emotion
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Located below the thalamus
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hypothalamus
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pituitary is attached to the hypothalamus by
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infundibulum
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hypothalamus has no
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blood brain barrier
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Function of hypothalus
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regualte homestasis
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pineal gland is located
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posterior portion of dicephlalon
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Endocrine gland produces
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melatonin
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enodcrine gland regulates
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sleep cycle
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located on the boarder between cerbrum and dicephalon
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limbic system
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C shaped, wraps around thalamus and HT
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limbic system
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functions of the limbic system (4)
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motivation , learning, olfactory, emotions
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the limbic systems amygdala function
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rage center
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the limbic systems limbic lobe function
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hippocampus
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track that connects the limbic system
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fornix
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damage to limbic system can cause
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memory loss, loss of smell
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largest portion of brain
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cerebrum
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cerebrum allows for many functions like
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reading and writing
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Frontal lobe of cerebrum function
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decision making, motor commands
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parietal lobe of cerebrum function
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sensory analysis
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occipital lobe of cerebrum function
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analyze visual input
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temporal lobe of cerebrum function
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analyze auditory input
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layer of gray matter on the outside of the cerebrum
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cerebral cortex
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outward fold of tissue RI= ridge
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gyri
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shallow grove C=crevice
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sulci
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large indentation in the cerebrum
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longitudinal fissure
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impulses travel from gyri in one hemisphere to same hemisphere
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association fibers
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transmit impulses from gyri in one hemisphere to other hemsiphere
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commissural fibers
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ascending and decesending tracts that relay info to the cerebrum and other structure such as brain and spinal cord
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projection fibers
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group of several nuclei within the cerebrum
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basal nuclei
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important for muscal tone and automatic responses
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basal nuclei
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recieves sensory and motor input from cerebrum
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basal nuclei
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particular nucleaus of the basal nuclei
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caudate nucleaus
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occiptial lobe =
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vissual coretex
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wernickes area is where and genereates what?
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left hemisphere, auditory and visual stimuli
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what recieves information from all the association areas and is in both hemispheres
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prefrontal cortex
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innitiates slow motor commands for word pronuciation, left hemisphere
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broocas area
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Cranial Nerve 1
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Olfactory, Sensory, smell
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Cranial Nerve 2
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optic, sensory, vision
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Cranial Nerve 3
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occulomotor, motor, movement of eyes
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Cranial Nerve 4
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trochlear, motor, medial eye movemnt
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Cranial Nerve 5
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trigeminal, mixed, sensation of teeth & chewing
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Cranial Nerve 6
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ABDUCENS, motor, moves eyes laterally
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Cranial Nerve 7
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facial, mixed, movement of face and feeling of face
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Cranial Nerve 8
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VESTIBULOCOCHLERAR, sensory, hearing and equilibrium
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Cranial Nerve 9
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glossopharygeal, mixed, sensation/movement of tounge
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Cranial Nerve 10
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vagus, mixed, enervates the visciral
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cranial nerve 11
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spinal accesory, motor, movemtn of shoulders/head/neck
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cranial nerve 12
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hypoglossal, motor, chewing & speaking
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two type parts of the autonomic nervous system
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sympathaetic and parasympathetic
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PReganglonic nerouns exit through the _____ of the spinal cord in the SNS
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thoracolumbar region
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____ Are near the spinal cord in SNS
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ganglia
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Preganglionic neurons are ____
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cholrogenic
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postganglionic neurons can be ______ or _______
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cholinergic or adgrenergic
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Exception in the SNS
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adrenal medulla
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______ cells are acutally modified preganglionic neurons
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Cromafiin
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Cromaffin cells release ____&____ into the blood
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NE & E
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PNS is know as
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Rest or digest
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SNS is known as
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Fight or flight
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Chlorogenic receptors bind to
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ACh
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what can be found on postganglionic dendrites and cell bodies and also at neuromascular junction
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nicontinic receptors
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activitation on nicontininc receptors cause a cell to
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depolarize
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nictotine can bind to the receptros
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nicontonic receptors
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Nicotonic receptors are excitiory or inhibitory
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E
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Can be found on all effectors stimulated by postganglionic neaurons and sweat glands
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Muscarininc receptors
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activation of muscarininc receptors cause ____ or _____ depending on the cell type
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hyperpoloarization or depolarization
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Adrenergic receptors bind to (2)
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NE and E
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Method of removal of NE and E in andrenergic receptor
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enzymes (monoamne oxidase) and reuptake
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Regulation of ANS is regulated by
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hypothalamus
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goal of ans
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maintain homestastis
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sensory perception depends on 3 things
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qaulity of sensation, intensity, localization of stiumli
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respond to external stimuli ex: vison smell
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exterorceptors
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respond to internal stimuli ex: pressure
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interoreceptors
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located in muscles/tendons and informs body position
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proprioreceptors
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detect mechanicnal/physical change
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mechanoreceptors
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dectect change in temp
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thermoreceptors
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dectects dameged tissue
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nocireceptors
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detect light energy(photons)
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photoreceptors
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detect chemical
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chemoreceptors
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detect change in osmosis
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osmorecotors
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What are the 5 somatic senses
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tactile, pressure, thermal, pain, proprioceptive sensation
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Olfaction =
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smell
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olfactory cells are modified
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bipolar neurons
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cilia projected from dendrites in olfaction are called
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olfactory hairs
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___ bind to chemoreceptors on the olfactory hairs
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odorants
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Form the olfacotry nerve
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1st prder neuron
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form the olfactory tract
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2nd order neuron
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the _____ are the sense organs and they can be found on the tounge, soft palate, pahrynx or epiglottis
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taste buds
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taste buds are located in
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taste pores
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five tastes
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sour sweet, salty , bitter, umame(savory)
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avascular transparent coat that is curved to focus light on the lense
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cornea
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transparent strucutre that helps to focus image on retina
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lens
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covers the eyeball; opaque ct "white of eye"
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sclera
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colored portion of the eye
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iris
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contract when stimlated by the pns causing pupil to contstrict
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circular muscles
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contract when stimulated by the sns causing pupil to dialte
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radial muscles
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a muscle that attaches to lthe lens via zonular fibers;controls curveture of lens
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ciliary body
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fluid filled cavity positioned between cornea and iris
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anterior chamber
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fluid filled cavity behind lense
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vitreous chamber
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vascular portion of eye
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choroid`
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lines the choroid, contains pigment to absorb light
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retina
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muscle membrane that lines outside of eye abd also the inner surface of the eye
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conjunctiva
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responsible for most refraction
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cornea
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images are
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upside down and reversed left to right
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can properly refract immages from 20 ft away
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emmetropic eye
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myopia =
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near sitedness
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hypermytropia =
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far sightedness
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refraction that is spread over a difuse area rather then a focused area
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astigmatism
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important for night vision
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rods
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important for color vision
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cones
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a transmembrane protein on the outer segment that undergoes structural change when light is absorbed
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photopigments
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rods only contain one photpigment called
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rhodospin
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when light strikes retinal it changes shape from ____ to ____
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cisretinal to transretinal
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transretinal seperating from opsin is called
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bleaching
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when cis-retinal binds to opsin and is now capable of again being stimulated by a photon its called
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regeneration
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cones _____ regenerated
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rapidly
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rods_____ regenerated
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slowly
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in darkness ___ holds sodium channels open
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cGMP
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in darnkess cells stay partially ____
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depolarized
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being in darkenss causes the release of glutamate which is an
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inhibitory
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in light cis-retinal is converted to ___ and enzymes breakedown
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trans-retianl , cGMP
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in light Na channels
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Close
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made up of cartalidge;shaped to funnel soundwaves into external auditory canal
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auricle
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passage way leading to the tmpanic membrane
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external auditory canal
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thin layer of ct lined with epithiulium, seperates inner and outer ear
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tympanic membrane
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three bones, the malleus,incus, the stapes
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ossicles
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extends from middle ear to to nasopharynx, equilibrium
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eustachian tube
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positioned between inear and staples
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oval window
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connects scala tympani to eustachian tube
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round window
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series of canals withing the temporal bone that contains a fluid perilymph
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bony labrythinth
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superior portion of bony labrythinth
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semicircular canals
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central portion of BL important for equilibrium
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vestibule
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anterior portion of BL; important for hearing
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cohclea
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upper channel of cochlea filled with paralymph
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scala vestibuli
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lower channel of cochlea filled with paralymph
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scala tymapni
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middle channel of cochlea filled with endolymph
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cochlear duct
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seprerates choclear duct from scala vestibuli
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vestibular membrane
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seperates cochlear duct from scala tympani
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basilar membrane
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rest on basialar membrance and contains hair cells
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organ of corti
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sound waves enter the ____ and vibrate the _____ membrane
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auditory canal, tympanic
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vibrations are transmitted through the ____ and onto the ____ window
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ossicles, oval window
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as the oval windwo vibrates, waves are intiated within the perilymph of the ____
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scali vestibuli
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perilymph waves vibrate the ____ membrane
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vestibular
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pitch is determined by which ___ are activated
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hairs
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the ____ is responsible for equilibrium
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vestibular aparatus
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the utricle and saccule contain a small thickend region called the
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macula
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on top of the otolithic membrane is a dense layer of calcium carbonates called
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otoliths
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the ___ ducts are responisbe for dynamic euqilibrium
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semicircular
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the ampulla contains the
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crista
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the crista is composed of ____ (2) cells
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hair,supporting
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the crista is covered in a gel like substance called
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cupula
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