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96 Cards in this Set

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What was De-stalinisation?
process in USSR after 1956 by which Stalin's reputation was discredited and some Stalinist policies reversed, resulting in greater individual freedom and a "thaw" in cultural life.
Detente (French)
The easing of tension between states. Especially used for changes in the relationship between the USA and USSR in the Cold War, especially in the 1970's as a result of arms reduction talks.
Developing nations
Term used by the UN to classify countries in which large parts of the economy are underdeveloped, same as Third World.
Dictatorship
Form of government in which one person has sole and complete political power. Notable twentieth century examples are Hitler, Mussolini, Stalin, Franco and Chiang Kai-shek...
Dominions
Self-governing territories of the British Common wealth.
Domino theory
The idea that if one country becomes communist, other countries in the same region would aoutomatically follow suit, "falling" to communism like a row of dominoes knocking each other down in turn.
Duce (Italian)
[pronounced "doochay"]
Leader. The title adopted by Benito Mussolini as Head of Government, Prime Minister and leader of the Hascist Party in Italy.
Duma (Russian)
Parliament established in Russia after the Revolution of 1905, surviving until 1917.
Dyarchy
System of government with two levels of power, one Indian, one British, introduced in india by the Montague-Chelmsford Reforms of 1919.
Empire
Collection of territories ruled by one authority (headed by an emperor or empress) and consisting of an imperial state and independencies such as colonies, dominions and provinces.
European Comminity
Group of three economic organizations linking twelve European counties; the European Coal and Steel Community, the European Economic Community (Common Market), and the European Atomic Energy Community
Falange
Spanish fascist party founded in 1933, emphasising national tradition, loyalty to the nation and obedience to the leader.
Fascism
Either the Political movement which Mussolini led to power in italy in 1922, or the doctorine which inspired it and similar movements abroads, e.g. the Falange, Nazi parties. Fascism is violent dislike of communism; belief in authoritarian government; leadership by a single powerful figure; nationalism; existance of only one party.
Final solution
Nazi German plan drawn up in 1942 to exterminate all Jews in Europe, leading to the final and worst stage of the Holocaust.
Five-Year Plan
Method of economic planning used in communist countries to increase industrial and agricultural output.
*targets to be achieved by each sector of the economy are set for five year periods. Five-year plans were used most notably in the USSR in the 1930s and in China in the 1950's.
Fourteen Points
Us President Woodrow Wilson's 14-point plan (January 1918) setting out principles for a more peacefullworld after World War 1.
Freikorps (German)
"Free corps"-- unofficial, volunteer fighting units made up of demobilised German soldiers after World War 1. They were ruthless, often violent nationalists, supporting various right-wing parties in an effort to destroy communism in Germany.
Front
line along which fighting takes place in a war -- e.g. the Western Front in Belgium and France, 1914-1918, or a coalition of political parties or groups -- e.g. the Popular Front, National Front...
Fuhrer (German)
Leader and guide --the title adopted by Hitler in 1934 when he became President of Germany as well as its Chancellor of Duce and Generalissimo.
Generalissimo
"Greatest General" - a title adopted by various 20th century dictators, notable Franco of Spain and Chaing Kai-shek of China.
Gestapo (German)
Secret political police in Nazi party. It had unlimited power, could arrest people without warrant, imprison people without trial, to torture and to kill.
Glasnost (Russian)
"Openness", a trend led by Soviet leader Gorbachev in 1985 which was a trend towards greater freedom of information and discussion in the USSR.
Great Depression
World-wide economic slump, lasting from 1929 - 1934m abd marked by a big decline in trade between nations, the collapse of banks and other financial institutios, high levels of unemployment, and generally reduced prosperity.
Great Leap Formard
Chinese propaganda slogan describing the ambitious economic policies adopted by the Chinese government in 1959, chiefly a massive increase in agricultureand industrial output, associated with the creation of communes.
The Great Purge (Terror)
A campaign of repression, organized by the NKVD, by which Stalin got rid of all leading political opponents in the USSR, 1934-39, Involved the use of indiscriminate arrests, extraction of confessions by torture or brainwashing, show trials, imprisonment in labour camps, and execution with and without trial.
Greater East Aisia Co-prosperity Shere--New order in east asia
Japanese propaganda title for the Asian territories it acquired by conquest between 37-42--Eastern China, French indo-china, Malasia, Indnesia, and the Philipines, and the islands of the western Pacific.
Hoare-Laval Plan
Secret British-French plan to solve the Abyssian crisis of 1935-36 by giving part of Abyssia to Italy. Publication of the plan in the press led to both Hoare and Laval as foreign ministers of Britain and French.
Holocaust
Death and destruction on a massive scale. In 20th century history, the term is used to describe the perecution, deportation and extermination of some 6 million Jews in Nazi-occupied Europe from 1938-45.
Hot line
Direct telecomminication link between the White House in Washington and the Kremlin in Moscow. It was set up after the Cuban Missle Crisis of 1962, phone put in 1963 to allow the US and Soviet leaderships to communicate more easily in any future international crisis.
Hundrd Flow campaign
Campaign in China 1956 to encourage free public debate about the political, economic social, development of the country.The campaign was abandoned when debate developed into widespread critisism of Mao Tse-tung's leadership.
Imperialism
The extension of a country's territorial and/or political and/or economic control over other countries.
Iron Curtain
Frontier dividing communist eastern Europe from western europe.
Isolationism
Us foreign policy, particularly strong between the two world wars, of keeping out of foreign conflicts and of avoiding involvment in the affairs of other countries.
Kolkhoz (russian)
collective farm in the USSR, as established by Stalin during the process of collectivization.
Kristalnacht (German)
"Night of Glass" November 7th 1938 when Jewish Shops, homes and synagogues throught germany were attacked and destryed by Nazis.
Ku Klux Klan
Racist organization in the USA, founded in the 1860's Dedicated to the preservation of white, Protestant supremacy in the ISA, it violently opposed blacks, catholics, Jews and any other group it considered "alien"
Kulak (Russian)
Class of peasant farmers who became more prosperous than average peasants in russia before world war one and then gained most through the private enterprise encouraged by the New Economic Plan. The Kulaks did not support collectivization and were destryed by stalin.
Kuomintang
The "National People's Party"--a Chinese political party organized by Sun Yat-sen which helped overthrow the Manchu dynasty in 1911. The KMT was the governing party of China under Chaing Kai-shek from 1928 until its overthrow by communists in 1949.
Lebensraum (german)
"Living Space" Nazi germany described the territory in eastern Europe which Germany already needed to house and feed its growing population. Make room for superior germans, kick out inferior people-those not german.
Lend-Lease
Lend Lease Axt passed by the US congress in 1941, making it possible to lend military equipment to Great Britain and her allies.
Little Entente
Czechoslovakia, romania formed this alliace in 1922 to discourage Hungry from trying to recover lands which it lost at the end of World war one.
Loranco Treaties
Five Treaties, drawn up at Loranco, Switzerland, in 1925 and signed by Germany, Belgium, France Britain, Italy, Poland and Czechoslovakia. The most important of these treaties, the "rhineland pact", guaranteed the inciolability of the frontiers between France, Belgium and Germany, and confirmed the demiliterised status of the German rhineland.
Long March
A retreat by the commst forces of Mao Tse-tung rom Kiangsi in Southern China o Sensi in orthern China, in rder to ape exterminatn by the Kuomintang.
Maginot line
A line of massive fortifications and defences along the border between France and Germany, built by the French between 1927 and 1936 to defend France from invasion.
Mandates
Territoties taken from the defeated German and Turkish empires after World War one and placed under the temporary administrationof the victorious powers because they were not considered able to govern themselves.
Manhatten Project
code name for the secret US project for research into and development of automic weapons furing world war two.
March on Rome
The Fascist seizure of power of Italy in 1922, achieved by threatening to depose the government in Rome by armed force.
Marshal Plan
American programme of financial aid devised by US secretary of State George Marshall to help the economic recovery of Europe after 1947.
McCarthyism
Ant-communist attitudes and practices associated with US senator Joseph McCarthy in his attempts to uncover communist "subversion" in the USA in the early 50's. McCarth's practices included Congressional investigations into people's political backgrounds, often ruining thier careers, the black-listing of suspected communists and the administration of "loyalty oaths."
Mensheviks (Russian)
Moderate Russian socialists opposed to the Bolsheviks after the split of the Social Democratic Party into Bolshevik and Menshiviks in 1903.
Munich Agreement
Agreemet in 1938 between Chamberlain (Britain), Daladier (France), Hitler (Germany) and Mussolini (Italy), compelling Czechoslovakia to give up ots sudetenland area to Germany and to give land to neigbouring Hungary and poland. It was the high point of the policy of appeasement.
Nationalism
Movements to strengthen the common bonds of language, religion, history among people especially in sates where these are not recognised. e.g. pland for polish-born, polish speaking people.
National Self-fetermination
The right of a nationality to exist, indipendent from foreign interference, in its own nation state, and to govern its own affairs.
NATO
Noth Atalntic treaty organization. Established in 1949 in response to the Cold War developments such as the Berlin Blockade. Founder members were Belgium, Canada, Denmark, France, Iceland, Italy, Luxemburg, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, UK, and USA. Greece and West Germany joined later while France withdrew.
Naval race
first international arms race of the twentieth century,a competition between British and Germany to build larger and more powerfull battleships in the years beofore world war one.
Nazism
short for national socialism, the ideology of the National Socialist German Workers' party (nazi party),becoming the ideology of the entire German state under the dictatorship of hitler. 1933-45
night of the long Knives
Hitler's elimination of Ernst Rohm, leader of SA, slong with other SA meambers and political figures opposed to his regime on june 30th 1934
NKVD
The Peoples Commissariant of internatinal affairs-the state security police in the USSR from 1934-43 chiefly responsible for the Great Terror of 1934-39
OEEC
The organization for European Economic Co-operation, an international organization created in 1948 to co-ordinate the use of Marshial Aid in Europe. Replaced in 1960 by the OECD<-Organization for Economic Co-operation and development.
OGPU
The United State Political Administration- the state security police force in the USSR from 1923-34
Ostpolitik (German)
The "East Policy" adopted by Willy Brandt, West German Chancellor, in 1969 in an effort to normalize diplomatic relations with east Germany.
Palistine
part of a province of the turkish empire until 1920, then a british mandate until 1948 when UN partioned it between its Arab and Jewish populations.
Peaceful co-existance
Soviet Russian slogan coined by Khruschev in 1956, refering to the possibility that the capitalist and communist blocks could co-exist without war between east and west, but it helped cause the sino soviet split.
Perestrokia (russian)
"Restructuring" policy introduced by Gorbechev in USSR in 1985 for a mahor recognition of the Soviet economy, political structure and society.
Phoney war
The period of world war two from Germany's defeat of Poland in sept 1939 up to april 1940 when no fighting took place between germany and the western europe states which had promised to defeat poland.
Politurbo
the political Bureau of the central committee of the communist party of the soviet union. It is the most important policy making body of the USSR
prohibition
a nation-wide ban on the anufacture, sale and transportation of alcoholic drinks in the USA from 1920-33
Proletariat
the industrial working class as described by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels in the Communist Manifesto in 1848 and by many left-wing writers thereafter.
Purges
The expulsion from the Communist Party of the Soviet Union of corrupt or politically unreliable members. Under Stalin, purges led not only to explusion from the party but often also to the imprisonment and execution of many party and armed forces leaders, particularly during the Great Terror.
Putsch (German)
The sudden and violent overthrow of a government by armed opponts, and its replacement by a new-non-elected ruling group coup d'etat.
Red Guards
Armed groups of Russian workers, formed after March 2927 to oppose counter revolutionaries and to defend the gains made by workers in the March Revolution. They played a key part in bringing the Bolsheviks to power in November 1917. Also in China, young people who supported Mao, cultural revolution-carried it out on his behalf.
reichstag (German)
The German Parliament from 1871 to 1918 and from 1919 to 1945
Republic
Form of government in which the head of state is not selected by heredity but is elected by the coutry's voters. Also synanom for a country which has this form of government- e.g. Germany 1919-33 is reffered to as Weimar Republic.
Revolution
Ina political sense, a revolution is a sudden, often violent, change in a country's regime, accompanied by major changes to the political and social order, and involving large numbers of people as direct participants.
SA [Sturmabteilung] (German)
"Storm Troopers" The paramilitary wing of the German Nazi Party, founded in 1921 to protect party meetings and rallies, and to fight political rivals. -->Also Brownshirts.
Salt March
A march to the Indian Ocean to collect free salt, led by Gandhi in violation of British law regarding the manufacture and sale of salt (1930)
Sharpeville Massacre
Killing by South African police of 67 black Africans demonstrating against apartheeid in the township of Sharpeville, near Johannesburg, on March 21 1960.
Sino-Soviet Split
Ideological dispute between communist China and the USSR, originating in 1956 when Khruschev announced a policy of Peaceful co-existance with the west, and began a process of de-stalinization. The Chinese resented this attempt to re-interpret communism without consulting them. The split deepened in 1958 with disagreements between two over Chinese foreign policy and the Great Leap Forward. Sino-Soviet relations remained bad until an easeing of tention in the later 1980's.
Socialism
Belief that the community should own and control the means of production (e.g. factories and farms) in order to satisfy the needs of the community rather than just a few individual needs.
SS [Schutztaffel] (German)
Black uniformed military wing of the Nazi party, founded as a bodyguard for the Nazi leaders in 1925, and becoming a vast police and security organization in the 1930's after suppressing the rival-SA in the Night of the Long Knives.
Stresa Front
Agreement by France, Britain and Italy in 1935 to uphold Austian indipendence in the face of Nazi German aggression and to condem Hitler's announcement of German rearment.
Successor states
Nine states in central and Eastern Europe created from territory belonging to the former empires of Russia, Austria-Hungry and Germany at the end of World war one. They were Finland, latvia, Lithuania, Poland, czechoslovakia, Austria, Hungary, and Yugoslavia.
Sykes-picot agreement
British and French agreementin 1916 to divide the Arab territories of the Turkish empire between them at the conclusion of World War one.
Terrorism
The use by minority groups of e.g., random bombing, hijacking, hostage-taking, assassination and extorion to create a situation in which their political opponents or the state authorities are under strong pressure to agree to their demands. The term is a pejorative one; "Terrorists" gennerally describe themselves differently , e.g. as "freedom fighters"
Third Reich
Term is used by the Nazis to describe their regime in Germany from January 1933 to May 1945. It implied continuity with the first reich (empire) of the middle ages and with the "second reich" of 1871-1918.
"Torch"
Code named for the Joint British-American invation of North Africa in November 1942.
Tripartite Axis Pact
Alliance between German, Italy and Japan, signed in 1940, promising to help each other should they find themselves at war with another major power.
Truman Doctorine
An announcement by US President Truman in 1947 that the USA would give military and economic aid to European nations to help them resist the spread of communism. This marketed the start of the US policy of containment.
Vietcong
Communist, south vietnamese guerilla force that operated against the south vietnamese government and American forces during the vietnam war.
Vietminh
North vietnamese communist organization founded by HoChiMinh to dive the French out of Indo-China after 1945.
Vietnamisation
US policy developed during the presidency of Nixon to have South vietnames government take over the conduct of the war against North Vietnam from the US armed forces.
Wall street Crash
Sudden, massive fall in the prices of shares on the New York stck exchange in Wall Street, Manhattan, from Oct 24-29 1929. The crash led to the failure of many banks and companies, and hastened the onset of the Great Depression.
War Communism
Strict system with state control of industry and forced collection of foods, established by the Bolshevik government during the Russian Civil War (1918-21).
Warsaw Pact
A treaty (the Eastern European Mutual Assistance Treaty) signed in Warsaw, Poland, in 1955 by Albania, Bulgaria, Poland, Romania, and the USSR, creating a unified military command for these countries and agreeing to respond to an attack on any one of them as an attack on all.
Yom Kippur War
The war began between Israel and neighbouring Arab countries whcih began with surprise Arab attacks on Iraeli forces on the Jewish festival of Yom Kippur (Day of Atonement) on October 6th 1973.
Zionism
Jewish nationalist movement founded in 1897 for the recreation of a Jewish Nation in Palestine.