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144 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Difference between film and television video processes.
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Film = Chemical
Imprinting a picture on film Video= Electrical Converting light values into electrical values |
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Studio Production (opposed to field)
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Indoors
Pros- Controlled environment, soundproof Cons- Sacrifice authenticity, build and rebuild sets |
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Field Production (opposed to studio)
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On Location- Outdoors
Pros- Authenticity, the world is the stage Cons- Single camera (more time editing), can't control sound, hard to control access, power supply difficulty |
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General geographical areas where NTSC, PAL and SECAM television used.
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NTSC- North America, South America, South Korea and Japan
PAL- Europe, North,/East/South Africa. Middle and Near East, China, India, Brazll, Australia SECAM- France, Russia, East/Central Africa, Madagascar |
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Interlaced Scaling (opposed to progressive)
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- Half of a frame is scanned at a time.
- 30 frames per second - NTSC, some ATSC - ex.) 1080i |
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Progressive Scanning (opposed to interlace)
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- Full frame scanned at once
- True high definition - ex.) 1080p |
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Difference between fields and frames
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- In interlaced scanning a field is 1/2 of a frame
- Fields are complete television pictures FIELDS ARE COMPONENTS OF FRAMES |
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Definition of frame rate
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# of frames in each second of video
NTSC = 30 frames per secondATSC frame rate ATSC = ranging from 24-60 frames per second |
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Definition and function of SMPTE time code and how to interpret a time code number (Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers)
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-Time code gives each frame of video an 8 digit address in the format (hours: minutes: seconds: frames)
-Record run mode = time code clock only runs when camera is recording -Free run mode = time code clock runs whether camera is recording or not |
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Advantages of digital video when compared to analog television and sound
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-Has the ability to reproduce indefinitely with same quality.
- Much better sound quality and initial recording, crisper image - Multiple people can access information at once when stored on server. - Easily transported - Can be stored, manipulated, transmitted via computer equipment |
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480p
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-Standard definition
-Progressive scanning -4x3 format Don't see all aspects of movie because format is much smaller than the 16x9 format that films are in |
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720p
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-High definition
- Progressive scanning -16x9 format -Better quality because this format matches the widescreen format that movies are filmed in |
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1080i
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-High definition
-Interlaced scanning -16x9 format - Better quality because this format matches the widescreen format that movies are filmed in |
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Transduction
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Changing light waves to electronic waves
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Persistance of vision
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Physiological phenomenon whereby the brain retains images for a short period of time so that a series of still images that are projected very quickly look like moving images
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Pixel
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One of the small illuminating dots that make up a picture on the television screen.
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Producer
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- Handles overall organization of production
- Handles logistics of a production |
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Lighting Director
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- In charge of seeing that the lights are properly set for the telecast and that any special lighting effects are executed
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Director
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-Coordinates the crew members and calls the shots of who “plays” what and sets the timing/pace of the program
- Interprets script (Symphony conductor) |
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Audio Engineer
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Handle microphones and control the audio console
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Associate Director
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Helps the director with various tasks
Helps set up camera shots Main job is keeping track of time |
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Graphics Operator
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In charge of the computer system that creates and imports text, images, & visual effects
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Stage Manager
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In charge of running the action in the studio
Communicates with talent using hand signals |
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Technical Director
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Operates the switcher
Helps with equipment malfunctions |
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Camera Operators
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Frame and compose the shots for the program, based on instructions from the director
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Recordist
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Responsible for recording the program
Plays back video to ensure that it has been recorded |
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Prompter Operator
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Makes text visible to the talent by putting text on a screen
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Five basic control functions performed in a studio
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-Convert image from light to electricity
-Transducing -Channeling -Selecting & Altering -Monitoring -Recoring/Storing |
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Aperture
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Hole where light is able to enter the camera lens
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Function of iris
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Allows more or less light to enter lens
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f-stop
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Various sizes of aperture openings
-Lower the f-stop number = larger aperture opening |
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Field of view
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Viewing range
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Focal Length
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FL < 25mm = wide angle = large field of view & deep depth of field
FL > 80mm =Telephoto = narrow field of view & small depth of field |
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Wide angle
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- Individual subjects will appear to be smaller (can fit more into picture)
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Normal angle
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Subjects appear as they would in real life
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Long lens
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Close-up view of subjects
- Decreases distance between subjects -EX) Hitter & pitcher are closer together |
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Purpose of zoom lens and how they are described (zoom range)
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-Zoom lenses have variable focus lengths, which allows quick and easy changes in frame size and field of view, enables smooth movement
-Described in magnification ratio (10:1 means that the tightest shot is 10 times tighter than widest shot) |
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The concept of depth of field and three factors that determine it
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The distance between the nearest and the farthest point at which objects are in focus
-F-stop = greater Depth of field -The distance from the subject to camera -Focal length of the lens -Shorter lens = greater the DOF |
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Difference between an “objective” and “subjective” shoot.
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Subjective shoot- 1st person point of view (horror movies), POV shots, immersive camera angles
Objective shoot- 3rd person point of view, observing, establishing/wide shots |
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Psychological effects of camera angles
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Angle of elevation
-Camera pointed up to talent = Talent becomes superior -Camera pointed down at talent = Talent becomes inferior Shooting at angles creates illusion of dimensionality Tilts = disorienting |
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Pan
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Horizontal movement
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Tilt
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Vertical movement
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Dolly
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Moving camera farther or closer to subject
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Tracking shots
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Lateral movement of camera
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Rule of 3rds
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-Enables you to create an A-Symmetrical Balance
-Divide screen into three equal columns and rows -Place points of interest on intersection of imaginary lines |
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Look Room
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Always want more space in the direction of a person’s view
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Lead Room
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Additional framing space in a camera picture on the side toward which a subject is moving
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2/3 eye level room
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Eyes at 2/3 of the way up the frame
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Head Room
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Space above head
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Avoid breaking the frame at a natural body joint such as the neck, wrist, elbows, knees
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Self explanatory
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Techniques for creating the illusion of depth in a shot
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-Make sure that performers are separated from the background both by their physical positions and by constructive use of lighting
-Add foreground objects -Blocking talent (one talent closer to camera than the other) -Careful use of angles- shooting at angle creates 3d effect -Put object in foreground, Mid-ground, and Background -Put furniture far away from the wall |
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Techniques for calling attention to a particular element in a shot
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-Close up on the object (or zoom)
-Place subject in center of frame -Use bright colors, lighting -Rule of thirds -Shoot dimensional objects at an angle -Use triangular shapes |
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180 rule
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-Axis of conversation/action
-Cameras should always be placed on one side of the axis |
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2 Column Script
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Lines up each visual element with its corresponding audio elements- easy for clients visualize production
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Screenplay Format
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Each scene is separated from the other- can be thought of individually
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Storyboard
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Show pictures of a production’s visual elements and often describe the shots, actions, and any visual/sound effects
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Difference between “ready” and “execution” commands when directing.
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Ready = prepare action
Execution = execute action |
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When to cross shoot cameras
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Dialogue scenes
Reaction shots |
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Script Mark Up Symbols
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SEE BOOK
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Five “command principles” when directing (pages 72 and 73)
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Quiz 1
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The basic tenet that should motivate your shot selection when directing
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Give the viewers what they need to see when they need to see it
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Cut
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Replacing one picture immediately with another picture (no separation of time or space)
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Dissolve
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One picture gradually fades out as other fades in (separation of time and space)
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Fade In
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Transitions from black to the picture (beginning)
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Fade Out
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Transitions from picture to black (end)
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Defocus
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Camera defocuses, cut to another camera out of focus, then second camera refocuses (dream, delirium jump back in time)
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Wipe
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Transition between two video sources by using a geometrical shape (exclamation mark)
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Stage manager (floor director) hand signals (chart on pg. 24)
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SEE BOOK
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Incident Light
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Light is measured by holding the meter very near the subject and pointing it directly pointing it towards the light source
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Reflected Light
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Reflected light is first bounced of another surface before hitting camera
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Concept of color temperature and how it is measured
Color Temperature |
The reddish or bluish quality of a light source
-Measured in Kelvin (K) |
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Inverse square of light and its implications for lighting sets
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As the light to source distance is doubled, the intensity is reduced by 1/4th of its previous strength
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Flat Lighting
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Does not create shadows inherent in 3 point lighting
A wash of soft illumination across the set, usually created by a rim of lights around the perimeter. |
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3 Point Lighting
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Diagram in Book
- Key Light - Fill Light -Back Light |
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LED Lights
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-Uses semiconductor rather than a filament to generate luminescence electronically
-Good for indoor and outdoor use -Can be manufactured into any color temperature -Individual bulbs not dimmable -Bulbs can last up to 100,000 hours -Can be powered by batteries -Can emit both 3200K or 5200K (indoor and outdoor respectively) -Low energy consumption, low heat emission |
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Incandescent
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-Uses filament to generate illumination
-Made of quartz glass that is filled with halogen gas and has a tungsten filament -Halogen gas keeps electrons on the filament needs extreme heat -Very hot -Consume a ton of energy -Easy to control in a well defined area -Only lasts about 400 hours -3, 200 K |
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High Frequency Fluorescent
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-Designed to put out consistent color temperature
-Emit low heat -Consumes very little energy -Produce soft and diffused light that doesn’t create harsh shadows -Different color temperatures available -Lasts 10, 000 hours |
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HMI
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-Temperature is 5,600 k (bluish)
-Main use is to supplement light outdoors -Can be used in the studio to make it look like outdoor light -High power consumption -Needs ballast to create flicker-free light, therefore bulky to use |
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4 Main Purposes of Lighting
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Quiz 2
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Definition of contrast ratio. How humans compare to studio cameras. (122)
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The relationship of the brightest area to the darkest area in a given shot, as determined by the reflected light readings
Human eye = contrast ration of 100:1 Camera = 30:1 -Brightest area of the picture should be no more than 30x that of the darkest area |
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Spot Light
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Narrow
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Flood Light
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Wide
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Pinned
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Light rays focus in a narrow beam of high intensity, spreading no more than 10 degrees
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Spread
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As bulb moves forward in the housing the intensity is diminished (up to 60 degrees spread)
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Ellipsoidal
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-Used when an intense directional beam is need
-Consists of a curved, fixed reflecting mirror at the back of the unit, a long tube, and a focusing lens |
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Gobo (“go between”)
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-A patterned metal cutout inserted between the bulb and the end of the glass of an ellipsoidal light creates pattern on set
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Cucalorus
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A metal or wooden cutout pattern that is placed in front of the spotlight produces patterned effect on background
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Know 3 ways in which lighting for HD differs from lighting for standard (3:4) TV
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-HD: flat lighting, not 3-point
-Banks of LEDs used (or other diffused lighting) -Aim for underexposure rather than overexposure |
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Know at least five safety rules for working with studio lights
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Quiz 2
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Frequency
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Rate a which sound waves move (measured in hertz)
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Amplitude
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The strength or volume of the sound measured in decibels
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Frequency Response
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The range of pitches that any particular piece of audio equipment can pick up or reproduce better than other frequencies
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Speech Bump
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A frequency response characteristic of a mic that enables it to pick up human speech frequencies better than other frequencies
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Omnidirectional
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Picks up sound from all directions
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Cardioid
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Picks up sound from straight on and also a little to the sides
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Hypercardioid
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Able to pick up sound from a distance but have a progressively smaller/narrower pickup area than a cardioid mic
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Bidirectional
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Pick up sound from two sides
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Dynamic Mic Uses and Advantages
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Creates electrical current, which is analogous to original sound
Does not require an electric source- generates its own energy Diaphragm, coil, and magnet are rugged- Durable |
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Condenser Mic Uses and Advantages
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-Produces higher quality sound than a Dynamic mic
-Needs a source of electricity to function (batteries) -Not as durable as a condenser mic- compensates with better frequency response |
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Lavaliere Mic
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Can be clipped to the performer’s clothing, usually close to the mouth cannot be seen by camera
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Hand Mic
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Used for situations where the viewer expects to see someone using a mic Talk shows
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Shotgun Mic
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Device that has a barrel to hold the mic- allows operator to point the mic at the talent rather than overhead
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Pressure Zone Mic
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-Used when mics can be mounted on set walls or furniture
-Flat design catches overall sound- Used to capture audience laughter or applause |
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Difference between balanced and unbalanced cables
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Quiz 2
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Seven functions of an audio board
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Quiz 2
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Volume unit (VU)
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Provides a visual description of volume levels and the degrees of difference among the ongoing level changes
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Waveform monitor
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A piece of diagnostic equipment used to evaluate the brightness qualities of a video signal
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Sound Presence
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Sound has presence when it is loud and clear
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Sound Perspective
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The relationship between the picture and the sound
The sound should be what the viewer expects |
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Pop filter (mic)
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A metal or foam ball placed over the top of a mic to minimize explosive sounds
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Wind Screen (mic)
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Mic accessory that protects mic from mechanical impact of wind
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Inverse square law for microphones and its implications
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-As the microphone to source distance is doubled, the loudness is reduced 1/4th of its previous strength
-Any move of the audio source is crucial to the consistency of sound |
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Three to one rule for preventing microphone phase problems
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If two performers are standing/sitting side by side, each working a distance of 1 foot from their respective mics, then the two mics must be at least 3 feet apart
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Text Crawling
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Moves text horizontally across the screen in a single line
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Text Rolling
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Moves text up & down the screen (credits)
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Video Server
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A computer based unit used to store and retrieve video signals in digital form
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Electronic Still Store
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A system of storing video frames in digital form, part of graphics system
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Structure (graphic design)
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-Keep it simple. no room for unnecessary elements
-Use grid design to create structure -Rule of thirds |
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Contrast (graphic design)
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-Helps the viewer separate individual elements in a graphic from one another
-Choose colors opposite from one another on the color wheel |
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Readability (graphic design)
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-Lettering used in TV must be bold, thick, well-defined with sharp & firm contour
-Use novelty fonts with caution- distracts viewer -Text: most important element in Graphic Design |
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Sans Serif (font)
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Font lettering has no exensions
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Serif
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Font lettering has extensions
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Cause of and correction for “Keystoning” (170)
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Cause of Keystoning
-Results when the shooting angle is not perpendicular to the surface of the graphic -Appearance of original graphic is distorted Correction of Keystoning -Make shooting angle perpendicular to the graphic -Also keep graphic within the essential area |
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Virtual Sets
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Performers are shot against a blank (sometimes green or blu screen) background and the set is inserted electronically
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Physical Sets
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-Built from plastic, wood, metal, foam, etc.
-Requires carpentry and metalworking- tangible set |
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What a floor plan looks like and what it should include
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-Includes the placement of all set pieces and the exact location of all stage props and furniture
-Floor plan should be gridded -Set pieces and furniture drawn to scale |
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The five advantages of placing furniture away from walls of a set
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Quiz 3
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Terms “flat”, “jack” and “sandbag” as they apply to set construction
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Quiz 3
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Kinds of furniture that create problems on a set (pg.175)
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Swinging Swivel Chair
Precarious Perch Talent Swallower |
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Three functions of a video switcher (pg. 179)
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-Editing device
-Facilitates the time ordered sequencing of inputs within a live to recording video production -Channeling Device -Has a routing function as it selects a video source from all of the available inputs -Selecting & Altering component -That can combine two or more visual sources in different ways (effects) |
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Bus (switcher)
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-A group of buttons on a video switcher representing the available outputs, main control function of switcher
-Each bus contains a group of buttons, with one button for each video input -Only one signal per bus can be pressed at one time |
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Program Bus
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Selects the video input that will be put over the program line
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Preview Bus
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Readies the next video input
Operator can preview a particular video input before it is on the program |
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Key
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-Often used to place lettering on a graphic over a video signal
-Blending of two sources, without reducing brightness of either (since graphic cuts out portions of the image) |
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Downstream Keyer
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Used to create a key on a signal after it has gone through all other switcher manipulations (type of preset function on switcher)
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Streaming Video
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-Sends the data in packets
-The packets are structured so that individual frames of the video are sent sequentially -Content can be viewed immediately, but not stored |
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Downloading Video
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-The file is sent to the user in pieces called packets
-Packets are reassembled by the user’s device and then saved -User must wait until download is finished to view content |
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Video Compression
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The process of analyzing and sampling data to make to make digital video & audio data more compact
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Sampling
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-Refers to the process of converting an analog signal into digital
-Can also be used when encoding a digital signal from one format to another |
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Sampling Rate
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The frequency at which an analogue video signal is sampled to convert it into digital form
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Goal of video compression
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-To reach a suitable compromise between picture quality and required bandwidth
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Lossy/Lossless
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Lossy Compression: lessens the picture quality
Lossless Compression: Do not lessen picture quality |
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Asset Management
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-The process of cataloguing and using video on servers in the most efficient manner possible
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Metadata
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Allows additional information to be recorded with digital video and audio clips to help in identifying them
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