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139 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Define:
sporocidal |
kills spores
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Define:
biostatic |
inhibit growth of bacteria and living organisms
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Define:
disinfectant |
chemical agent used on inanimate objects to reduce the number of pathogenic organisms
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Define:
disinfection |
the process of using a treatment to destroy pathogenic organisms
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Define:
antiseptic |
kills organisms on living tissue
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Define:
sterilization |
the process of killing/removing of all organisms in or on a material
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Define:
sanitizer |
a chemical agent used on food handling equipment and eating utensils to reduce bacterial numbers to meet public health standards
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Endemic vs Epidemic disease
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Endemic diseases are diseases that are constantly present in a population
Epidemic diseases are ones that develop & spread rapidly throughout a population |
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Define:
healthy carrier |
a person who sheds organisms without being sick from the disease themselves
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Define:
chronic carrier |
a person who sheds organisms for long periods of time without displaying any symptoms after being sick
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Give an example of a chronic carrier
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Typhoid Mary, hepatitis C, AIDS/HIV
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Define:
convalescent carrier |
a person who has recovered from the symptoms of the disease but is still contagious (briefly shed the disease)
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This moist high temperature mechanism of physical control of organisms destroys vegetative cells, bacteria, fungi and inactivates some viruses by denaturing proteins BUT does NOT kill endospores
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Boiling
used for 5-10min @ 100degrees Celcius to sanitize |
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This moist high temperature mechanism of physical control of organisms destroys the endospore; it combines high temps and pressure.
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Autoclave
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How is the effectiveness of the autoclave tested?
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Bacterial endospore ampules containing either Bacillus or Clostridium organisms
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What is the mode of action of pasteurization?
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denatures proteins
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What indicator organisms have been used for pasteurization?
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Mycobacterium
Coxiella burnettii |
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What organism causes milk to sour?
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Lactobacillus
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If I want to sterilize an oil or powder that I need to use again, what method would I use?
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oven
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What organisms are killed by low temperature mechanisms?
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Treponema pallidum
Neisseria gonorrhea |
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How does using osmotic pressures work to kill organisms?
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Uses high salt/sugar environments to pulls the water out of bacterial cells
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What type of ultraviolet light do we not come into contact with?
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UVC
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What kind of radiation can be used to sterilize hard surfaces?
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ultraviolet light
gamma rays |
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What kind of radiation is used for cleaning?
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sonic sound
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What radioactive waves have the most penetrative power?
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gamma rays
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A disease that is zoonotic is?
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transmittable between animals and humans
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a category of white blood cells categorized by the presence of granules in their cytoplasm
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granulocytes
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granulocyte |
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a category of white blood cells categorized by the absence of granules in their cytoplasm
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agranulocytes
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agranulocyte |
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Membrane filters can be used to sterilize ____ and ____.
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water
air |
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Give two examples of phenolic compounds
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Hexachlorophene
Hexarisoranol |
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Which alcohol is regulated by law?
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Ethanol
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Which halogen is a safe, topical disinfectant?
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Iodine
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Which organisms have the virulence factor COAGULASE?
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Staph aureus
Bacillus coagulans |
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Where do all phagocytic cells come from?
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Pluripotent stem cells in bone marrow
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Name four methods of sterilization
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Autoclave
Ethylene oxide Gamma rays Membrane filters |
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What does Bacitracin do to bacteria? (mode of action)
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inhibit cell wall synthesis
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What does Penicillin do to bacteria? (MOA)
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inhibits the peptidoglycan layer/ cell wall synthesis
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Isopropanol & Propanol are the best biocides of the alcohols because they are _______.
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water-soluble
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Bacillus survive boiling for ___ minutes.
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5
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Who introduced phenols as methods of sterilization?
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Lister
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What non-specific defensive chemical is produced in tears?
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lysozymes
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Which immunoglobulin is active in allergies?
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IgE
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Give two examples of broad-spectrum drugs
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Penicillin
Tetracycline |
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What 2 heavy metals are used as fungicides?
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Zinc
Selenium |
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Which heavy metal is a bacteriocide in the eyes of newborn humans?
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Silver nitrate
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What chemical means of control is a good treatment for Impetigo or Thrush?
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Gentian violet dye
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Give an example of a QUATE
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Betadine
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Name the two heavy metals that bioaccumulate in human bodies
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Lead
Mercury |
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Streptomycin and Tetracycline inhibit ________________in bacteria
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Protein Synthesis
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Polymyxin disrupts ________
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cell membrane function
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What is an example of a treatment for tuberculosis that inhibits the synthesis of nucleic acids in the TB organisms?
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Rifamycin
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Sulfa drugs are ___________
(MOA) |
antimetabolites
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What toxic gas(es) is used in gas sterilizers?
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Formaldehyde
Ethylene oxide |
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What is the mode of action of hydrogen peroxide?
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creates a highly oxygenated environment that is toxic to living cells
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What is a chemical substance produced by microorganisms that can inhibit growth of or destroy other microorganisms?
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antibiotic
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Give two examples of narrow-spectrum drugs
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Isoniazid
Nystatin Penicillin G Polymyxin Erythromycin |
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All ___________ are exotoxins that affect the GI tract
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enterotoxins
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Enterotoxins generate antibody production.
True or False? |
False
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What is a eukaryotic organism that generates disease?
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parasite
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Give a helminthic example of a parasite.
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tapeworm
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Define:
adhesins |
Proteins that cause sticking
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Give two examples of organisms that have adhesins as a virulence factor
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Vibrio cholera
E.coli |
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What does hyaluronidase do?
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breaks down the hyaluronic acid that holds cells together; known as the "Spreading Factor"
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What organisms produce hyaluronidase?
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Strep pyogenes
Clostridium perfringens |
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What does lecithinase do?
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breaks down cell membranes; lyses cells; cytotoxic
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What organism produces lecithinase?
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Clostridium perfringens
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What is the purpose of a capsule?
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protection
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Name two organisms that produce a capsule outside their cell wall
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Strep pneumonia
Klebsiella pneumonia Bacillus anthracis |
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What do pili function in?
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conjugation
attachment |
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What are endospores? Are they metabolically active?
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Endospores are dormant structures for survival; no.
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Give an anaerobic example of an organism that produces an endospore
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Clostridium
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Give an aerobic example of an organism that produces an endospore
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Bacillus
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What are the two functions of flagella?
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locomotion
antigenicity |
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Give an example of an organism with a flagellum
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E.coli
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Leukocidins kill _____
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leukocytes
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What two genus of organisms secrete leukocidins?
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Staph
Strep |
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What fibrinolysin is used in making anticoagulant drugs?
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Streptokinase
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Pathogenic Streptococcus release _____________, which lyses RBCs.
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hemolysins
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Why are fibrinolysins used to make anticoagulant drugs?
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Fibrinolysins break down the fibrin component of blood to thin the blood. This is why a person on anticoagulants has difficulty clotting after injury because their clotting factor, fibrin, has been broken down.
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Name four characteristic of endotoxins
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Only Gram-negative organisms produce them.
There is always a fever. No antibody production is generated. They have a weaker toxicity than exotoxins. No vaccine is possible. Are produced within the cell and act within the cell. |
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Name four characteristics of exotoxins
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Produced by many Gram+ and some Gram-.
No fever is usually present. Highly toxic/deadly to the host. Strong antigenicity produced. Vaccine is often possible to make. Toxic effect takes place in the medium around the producing cell. Affects the host's nervous system. |
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Acute vs chronic disease
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Acute disease develops quickly and heals quickly.
Chronic disease comes on more slowly and lasts longer. |
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What is an infection caused by rapid multiplication of pathogens in the blood?
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Septicemia
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What is the presence & spread of exotoxins in the blood?
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Toxemia
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Primary vs Secondary infection
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Primary infection: initial infection in a previously healthy person
Secondary infection: follows primary infection; seen in immunosuppression. |
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Give an example of a mechanical non-specific host defense (external)
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Flushing action of saliva, tears and mucus; coughing; keratinized skin; filtering action of nasal nares; cilia in respiratory tract; mucous membranes
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Give an example of a chemical non-specific host defense (external)
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lysozyme in tears
fatty acid on skin surface HCl in stomach |
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Give an example of a cellular non-specific host defense (external)
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alveolar macrophages in lungs
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Give an example of a microbial non-specific host defense (external)
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the normal flora
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The greatest diversity of microbes is on the ________
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hands
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The highest population of microbes is on the ________
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groin
axillaries between toes |
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Some microbe-free areas
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back
soles of feet |
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Which type of leukocyte has an irregularly-shaped nucleus?
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granulocytes
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Which is the least common of all granulocytes?
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basophils
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_____ release heparin & histamine during an allergic reaction/ function in allergies.
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Basophils
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A Type 1 allergic reaction is known as _________
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anaphylaxis from proper exposure to an allergen
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A Type 2 allergic reaction is from _____________
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receiving blood that is not a match
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A Type 3 allergic reaction is from ________________
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receiving serum from an unmatched organism, like a horse.
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A Type 4 allergic reaction is known as ____________
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delayed hypersensitivity
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_______ are granulocytes that remove parasites and eliminate the antibody/antigen complex.
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Eosinophils
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_____________ are the most abundant granulocyte in acute inflammation.
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Polymorphonuclear neutrophils
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70% of all phagocytic cells are _________
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PMNs
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Which granulocytes migrate onto epithelial surfaces & release prostaglandins that stimulate dilation, increase permeability of tissue & cause smooth muscle contraction?
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Polymorphonuclear neutrophils
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_________ are 2-8% of all leukocytes and are a type of agranulocyte.
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Monocytes
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Monocytes develop into __________ in the tissues.
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Macrophages
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Macrophages function in ________.
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phagocytosis
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__________ is a set of 20+ large, regulatory proteins that circulate in plasma & when activated, form a nonspecific defense mechanism against microbes.
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Complement
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Specific host defenses are _____
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acquired immunity
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Humoral immunity is carried out by _______
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B-cells
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Cell-mediated immunity is carried out by ______
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T-cells
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Give an example of an autoimmune disorder
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Lupus
Rheumatoid arthritis ALS autoimmune hepatitis |
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Define:
titer |
measurement of how much antibody an organism has
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Name the four lymphokines/cytokines
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Macrophage-Chemotactic Factor
Macrophage-Activating Factor Migration-Inhibiting Factor Macrophage-Aggregation Factor |
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Name the 4 immunoglobulins required for this exam
(there are 5 but one will not be tested) |
IgG
IgM IgA IgE |
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The most abundant immunoglobulin in the body is ________
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IgG
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The immunoglobulin that is first produced in an immune response is ______
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IgM
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Which immunoglobulin is found on bodily surfaces in secretions?
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IgA
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Which immunoglobulin functions in parasitic helminth disease & allergic reactions?
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IgE
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Name two skin infections and the organism that causes them
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Impetigo - Staph aureus
Anthrax - Bacillus anthracis Thrush - Candida albicans |
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T-cells are produced by the __
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thymus
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B-cells give rise to antibody-producing ____________
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plasma cells
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In _______________active immunity, a person gets the disease.
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naturally acquired
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In ____________active immunity, a person is given a vaccine
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artifically acquired
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In ____________passive immunity, a person receives immunity from their mother via breastmilk
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naturally acquired
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In _____________passive immunity, a person receives serum to gain immunity.
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artificially acquired
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What is a foreign molecule that triggers antibody production?
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antigen
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What is an immunoglobulin/protein that is used by the immune system to identify & neutralize "non-self"?
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antibody
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__________produce lymphokines/cytokines.
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T-cells
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____cells and ____cells kill cancer cells, virally-invaded cells, and foreign cells.
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Cytotoxic cells
Natural killer cells |
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T8 & T4 cells work together to suppress __________immunity.
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humoral
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Plasma cells primarily make which immunoglobulin?
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IgG
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______ functions in phagocytosis, lysis of bacteria, regulation of inflammation & the immune response.
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Complement
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Which type of E.coli causes destruction of the kidneys and hemorrhage?
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O157:H7
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Which organism secretes a neurotoxin that interferes with acetylcholine, a neurotransmitter?
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Clostridium tetanii
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Which TB drug causes "Red Man Syndrome"?
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Rifampin
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Ribavirin & Acyclovir are both analogs of _____________
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guanine
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_____ makes our B-cells
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GALT (gut-associated lymphatic tissue)
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____cells control the WHOLE immune system
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T4
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T4 helper cells secrete ______, which attracts all other T-cells to an area.
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Interleukin II
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