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242 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the name of the grass family? |
Poyace |
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What is another name for cultivar? |
Variety |
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What are cells? |
Small units made up of tissue |
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Where does cell division occur? |
Meristematic regions |
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Where does shoot and root growth start? |
The crown |
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Food is manufactured by a process known as |
Photosynthesis |
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What occurs during respiration? |
Food is converted to energy |
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What is the function of the root system? |
To absorb water and nutrients |
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What does water travel up? |
Xylem |
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Food moves down the... |
Phloem |
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What are the openings in the lead epidermis called? |
Stomata |
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What is the pigment that makes grass green? |
Chlorophyll |
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What are horizontal underground growing stems called? |
Rhizomes |
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What are above ground runners called? |
Stolens |
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What does a plant need in order to live and grow? |
Water, nutrients, mechanical support, certain temperatures, carbon dioxide and oxygen |
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Which two grasses can loose most of their root system during spring? |
Bermuda and St. Augustine grass |
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What two major parts make up a leaf? |
Blade and sheath |
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Where is the growing point of a diacot located? |
Top of the stem |
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Plant tissue that droops because of the lack of turgor pressure is said to be... |
Wilted |
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What is shoot density? |
The number of shoots per unit area |
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What does the appearance of seed heads on grass plants disrupt? |
Turf uniformity |
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Another name for the intensity of culture is... |
Level of maintenance |
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What is the best temperature for sub tropical turf grass growth? |
80 Degrees F |
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Floratam is a cultivar of... |
St. Augustine |
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What is the common name of paspalum notatum? |
Bahai grass |
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What are the two turf grasses grown grown in low-rainfall, semiarid areas when irrigation is not possible? |
Buffalo and bluegrama |
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What broad leaf plant is used as a groundcover on lawns in Southern California? |
Dicondra |
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Which turf grass has the slowest establishment rate? |
Zoyza |
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Oklawn is a cultivar of... |
Centapeed |
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What is the most shade tolerant warm season turf grass? |
St. Augustine |
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What improved cultivars are used on high quality turf areas throughout the south? |
Bermuda grass |
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What are pieces of stolons and rhizomes called? |
Sprigs |
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What is the genus of malinagrass? |
Zoicha |
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What is the most cold tolerant of the warm season turf grass species? |
Japanese lawn grass |
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What are the least cold tolerant turf grasses? |
St. Augustine and carpet grass |
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What is SAD |
St. Augustine decline |
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What is the common name of Poa trivialis? |
Rough bluegrass |
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What species is often identified by the presence of seed heads? |
Annual bluegrass |
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Which species is commonly used for for golf course putting greens? |
Creeping bent grass |
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What cool season species is included in seed mixtures because of its rapid establishment rate? |
Perennial ryegrass |
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What does fine fescue exhibit? |
Good drought and shade tolerance |
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Which northern turf grass has the coarsest leaves? |
Tall fescue |
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Which grass is planted in wet shady locations? |
Rough bluegrass |
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What does Kentucky bluegrass spread by? |
Rhizomes |
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What does creeping bent grass spread by? |
Stolens |
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2nd millennium and cochise III are examples of what turf type? |
Tall fescue |
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Which cool season grasses are used for winter overseeding in the south? |
Intermediate and annual ryegrass |
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Which species associates with unsatisfactory mowing quality |
Perennial rye grass |
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What variety is Froghair 2 |
Intermediate ryegrass |
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What is often planted with fine fescue? |
Kentucky bluegrass |
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What is grown in semi arid regions where irrigation and water is unavailable? |
Created wheatgrass |
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What produces the most attractive turf of all cool season species? |
Velvet bent grass |
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Which cool season species has the best heat tolerance? |
Tall fescue |
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What has the finest leaf blades and texture of the cool season grasses? |
Fine fescue |
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What does soil consist of? |
Mineral particles, air, organic matter, and water |
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What soils feel gritty? |
Sandy ones obvious |
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What soils can be rolled up into a ribbon? |
Clay loam and clay soils |
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What soils can be rolled up into a ribbon? |
Clay loam and clay soils |
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What are the large pore spaces found between sand particles called? |
Macropores or airation pores |
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What soils can be rolled up into a ribbon? |
Clay loam and clay soils |
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What are the large pore spaces found between sand particles called? |
Macropores or airation pores |
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What is the organic layer produced by turf grass that is located above the soil surface? |
Thatch |
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What soils can be rolled up into a ribbon? |
Clay loam and clay soils |
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What are the large pore spaces found between sand particles called? |
Macropores or airation pores |
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What is the organic layer produced by turf grass that is located above the soil surface? |
Thatch |
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The A horizon is also called the.. |
Top soil |
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What soils can be rolled up into a ribbon? |
Clay loam and clay soils |
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What are the large pore spaces found between sand particles called? |
Macropores or airation pores |
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What is the organic layer produced by turf grass that is located above the soil surface? |
Thatch |
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The A horizon is also called the.. |
Top soil |
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What improves the structure of many soils? |
Organic matter |
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What soils can be rolled up into a ribbon? |
Clay loam and clay soils |
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What are the large pore spaces found between sand particles called? |
Macropores or airation pores |
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What is the organic layer produced by turf grass that is located above the soil surface? |
Thatch |
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The A horizon is also called the.. |
Top soil |
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What improves the structure of many soils? |
Organic matter |
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What does compacted mean? |
Mineral particles are forced close together resulting in the elimination of large pore spaces. |
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|
What soils can be rolled up into a ribbon? |
Clay loam and clay soils |
|
|
What are the large pore spaces found between sand particles called? |
Macropores or airation pores |
|
|
What is the organic layer produced by turf grass that is located above the soil surface? |
Thatch |
|
|
The A horizon is also called the.. |
Top soil |
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|
What improves the structure of many soils? |
Organic matter |
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What does compacted mean? |
Mineral particles are forced close together resulting in the elimination of large pore spaces. |
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What are some problems associated with sandy soil? |
Inadequate moisture retention and leaching of nutrients |
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|
What soils can be rolled up into a ribbon? |
Clay loam and clay soils |
|
|
What are the large pore spaces found between sand particles called? |
Macropores or airation pores |
|
|
What is the organic layer produced by turf grass that is located above the soil surface? |
Thatch |
|
|
The A horizon is also called the.. |
Top soil |
|
|
What improves the structure of many soils? |
Organic matter |
|
|
What does compacted mean? |
Mineral particles are forced close together resulting in the elimination of large pore spaces. |
|
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What are some problems associated with sandy soil? |
Inadequate moisture retention and leaching of nutrients |
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What are some problems associated with soils containing high amounts of clay? |
Compaction, poor airation, poor drainage |
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|
What soils can be rolled up into a ribbon? |
Clay loam and clay soils |
|
|
What are the large pore spaces found between sand particles called? |
Macropores or airation pores |
|
|
What is the organic layer produced by turf grass that is located above the soil surface? |
Thatch |
|
|
The A horizon is also called the.. |
Top soil |
|
|
What improves the structure of many soils? |
Organic matter |
|
|
What does compacted mean? |
Mineral particles are forced close together resulting in the elimination of large pore spaces. |
|
|
What are some problems associated with sandy soil? |
Inadequate moisture retention and leaching of nutrients |
|
|
What are some problems associated with soils containing high amounts of clay? |
Compaction, poor airation, poor drainage |
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Why is a granular structure desirable? |
The larger the pores the more improved the drainage and airation will be |
|
|
What soils can be rolled up into a ribbon? |
Clay loam and clay soils |
|
|
What are the large pore spaces found between sand particles called? |
Macropores or airation pores |
|
|
What is the organic layer produced by turf grass that is located above the soil surface? |
Thatch |
|
|
The A horizon is also called the.. |
Top soil |
|
|
What improves the structure of many soils? |
Organic matter |
|
|
What does compacted mean? |
Mineral particles are forced close together resulting in the elimination of large pore spaces. |
|
|
What are some problems associated with sandy soil? |
Inadequate moisture retention and leaching of nutrients |
|
|
What are some problems associated with soils containing high amounts of clay? |
Compaction, poor airation, poor drainage |
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Why is a granular structure desirable? |
The larger the pores the more improved the drainage and airation will be |
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Is soil texture more likely to change then soil structure? |
No soil structure is more likely to change. |
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What soils can be rolled up into a ribbon? |
Clay loam and clay soils |
|
|
What are the three soil separates that determine soil texture? |
Sand, silt, and clay |
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|
What are the large pore spaces found between sand particles called? |
Macropores or airation pores |
|
|
What is the organic layer produced by turf grass that is located above the soil surface? |
Thatch |
|
|
The A horizon is also called the.. |
Top soil |
|
|
What improves the structure of many soils? |
Organic matter |
|
|
What does compacted mean? |
Mineral particles are forced close together resulting in the elimination of large pore spaces. |
|
|
What are some problems associated with sandy soil? |
Inadequate moisture retention and leaching of nutrients |
|
|
What are some problems associated with soils containing high amounts of clay? |
Compaction, poor airation, poor drainage |
|
|
Why is a granular structure desirable? |
The larger the pores the more improved the drainage and airation will be |
|
|
Is soil texture more likely to change then soil structure? |
No soil structure is more likely to change. |
|
|
What soils can be rolled up into a ribbon? |
Clay loam and clay soils |
|
|
What are the three soil separates that determine soil texture? |
Sand, silt, and clay |
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What is the smallest soil separate? |
Clay |
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What are the large pore spaces found between sand particles called? |
Macropores or airation pores |
|
|
What is the organic layer produced by turf grass that is located above the soil surface? |
Thatch |
|
|
The A horizon is also called the.. |
Top soil |
|
|
What improves the structure of many soils? |
Organic matter |
|
|
What does compacted mean? |
Mineral particles are forced close together resulting in the elimination of large pore spaces. |
|
|
What are some problems associated with sandy soil? |
Inadequate moisture retention and leaching of nutrients |
|
|
What are some problems associated with soils containing high amounts of clay? |
Compaction, poor airation, poor drainage |
|
|
Why is a granular structure desirable? |
The larger the pores the more improved the drainage and airation will be |
|
|
Is soil texture more likely to change then soil structure? |
No soil structure is more likely to change. |
|
|
What soils can be rolled up into a ribbon? |
Clay loam and clay soils |
|
|
What are the three soil separates that determine soil texture? |
Sand, silt, and clay |
|
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What is the smallest soil separate? |
Clay |
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Why does shallow soil make it difficult to grow high quality turf? |
There is limited water capacity, shallow rooting, and drainage problems |
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What are the large pore spaces found between sand particles called? |
Macropores or airation pores |
|
|
What is the organic layer produced by turf grass that is located above the soil surface? |
Thatch |
|
|
The A horizon is also called the.. |
Top soil |
|
|
What improves the structure of many soils? |
Organic matter |
|
|
What does compacted mean? |
Mineral particles are forced close together resulting in the elimination of large pore spaces. |
|
|
What are some problems associated with sandy soil? |
Inadequate moisture retention and leaching of nutrients |
|
|
What are some problems associated with soils containing high amounts of clay? |
Compaction, poor airation, poor drainage |
|
|
Why is a granular structure desirable? |
The larger the pores the more improved the drainage and airation will be |
|
|
Is soil texture more likely to change then soil structure? |
No soil structure is more likely to change. |
|
|
What soils can be rolled up into a ribbon? |
Clay loam and clay soils |
|
|
What are the three soil separates that determine soil texture? |
Sand, silt, and clay |
|
|
What is the smallest soil separate? |
Clay |
|
|
Why does shallow soil make it difficult to grow high quality turf? |
There is limited water capacity, shallow rooting, and drainage problems |
|
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Why is a loan texture desirable? |
It is a mixture of sand, silt, and clay |
|
|
What are the large pore spaces found between sand particles called? |
Macropores or airation pores |
|
|
What is the organic layer produced by turf grass that is located above the soil surface? |
Thatch |
|
|
The A horizon is also called the.. |
Top soil |
|
|
What improves the structure of many soils? |
Organic matter |
|
|
What does compacted mean? |
Mineral particles are forced close together resulting in the elimination of large pore spaces. |
|
|
What are some problems associated with sandy soil? |
Inadequate moisture retention and leaching of nutrients |
|
|
What are some problems associated with soils containing high amounts of clay? |
Compaction, poor airation, poor drainage |
|
|
Why is a granular structure desirable? |
The larger the pores the more improved the drainage and airation will be |
|
|
Is soil texture more likely to change then soil structure? |
No soil structure is more likely to change. |
|
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Does the addition of organic matter increase or decrease the capacity of soul to store nutrients? |
Increase |
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Adding organic matter to soil causes clay particles to form what? |
Aggregates |
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Adding organic matter to soil causes clay particles to form what? |
Aggregates |
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Adding what increases aeration in a clayey soil? |
Organic matter |
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Adding organic matter to soil causes clay particles to form what? |
Aggregates |
|
|
Adding what increases aeration in a clayey soil? |
Organic matter |
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What are some problems that occur with waterlogged soil? |
No air, nutrients are unavailable, disease,more easily compacted, lower soil temp, slow decomposition of organic matter. |
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Adding organic matter to soil causes clay particles to form what? |
Aggregates |
|
|
Adding what increases aeration in a clayey soil? |
Organic matter |
|
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What are some problems that occur with waterlogged soil? |
No air, nutrients are unavailable, disease,more easily compacted, lower soil temp, slow decomposition of organic matter. |
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Nitrogen should be added with what organic material?? |
Sawdust |
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Adding organic matter to soil causes clay particles to form what? |
Aggregates |
|
|
Adding what increases aeration in a clayey soil? |
Organic matter |
|
|
What are some problems that occur with waterlogged soil? |
No air, nutrients are unavailable, disease,more easily compacted, lower soil temp, slow decomposition of organic matter. |
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Nitrogen should be added with what organic material?? |
Sawdust |
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What is a common subsurface drainage design? |
Herringbone pattern |
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Adding organic matter to soil causes clay particles to form what? |
Aggregates |
|
|
Adding what increases aeration in a clayey soil? |
Organic matter |
|
|
What are some problems that occur with waterlogged soil? |
No air, nutrients are unavailable, disease,more easily compacted, lower soil temp, slow decomposition of organic matter. |
|
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Nitrogen should be added with what organic material?? |
Sawdust |
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What is a common subsurface drainage design? |
Herringbone pattern |
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Water enters a drainage system through what type of lines? |
Lateral |
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Adding organic matter to soil causes clay particles to form what? |
Aggregates |
|
|
Adding what increases aeration in a clayey soil? |
Organic matter |
|
|
What are some problems that occur with waterlogged soil? |
No air, nutrients are unavailable, disease,more easily compacted, lower soil temp, slow decomposition of organic matter. |
|
|
Nitrogen should be added with what organic material?? |
Sawdust |
|
|
What is a common subsurface drainage design? |
Herringbone pattern |
|
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Water enters a drainage system through what type of lines? |
Lateral |
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What percent slope should athletic fields have from the center to the sidelines? |
1-2% slope |
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Adding organic matter to soil causes clay particles to form what? |
Aggregates |
|
|
Adding what increases aeration in a clayey soil? |
Organic matter |
|
|
What are some problems that occur with waterlogged soil? |
No air, nutrients are unavailable, disease,more easily compacted, lower soil temp, slow decomposition of organic matter. |
|
|
Nitrogen should be added with what organic material?? |
Sawdust |
|
|
What is a common subsurface drainage design? |
Herringbone pattern |
|
|
Water enters a drainage system through what type of lines? |
Lateral |
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What percent slope should athletic fields have from the center to the sidelines? |
1-2% slope |
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Incorporating peat into the soil improves what |
Soil structure |
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Mixing what into clay soils can result in reduced aeration and drainage? |
Sand |
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Mixing what into clay soils can result in reduced aeration and drainage? |
Sand |
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A deep layer of almost pure sand may be used to modify a site completely when what is a potential problem? |
Compaction |
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Mixing what into clay soils can result in reduced aeration and drainage? |
Sand |
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A deep layer of almost pure sand may be used to modify a site completely when what is a potential problem? |
Compaction |
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What can you fill trenches with to remove excess water from an area? |
Gravel |
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Mixing what into clay soils can result in reduced aeration and drainage? |
Sand |
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A deep layer of almost pure sand may be used to modify a site completely when what is a potential problem? |
Compaction |
|
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What can you fill trenches with to remove excess water from an area? |
Gravel |
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Topsoil, sand, and gravel are sold by the by the cubic yard or |
Ton |
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Mixing what into clay soils can result in reduced aeration and drainage? |
Sand |
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What is the preferred soil ph range for most turf grasses? |
5-7 |
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A PH of 6.5 is what? |
Slightly acidic |
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Which plant nutrient also raises soil PH? |
Calcium |
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What lime material contains magnesium? |
Ground lime |
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How is finely ground lime applied? |
Palletized, liquidized, and fertilizer spreader |
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What should a turf manager apply to increase acidity and lower the ph? |
Sulfur |
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How can saline soil conditions be improved? |
Gypsum or sulfur |
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Why does soil become more acidic? |
Leaching of calcium and magnesium |
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What is the difference between soil ph and buffer ph |
Buffer determines lime requirement ph of soil |
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How many square meters are there in 1000 feet? |
93 |
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A deep layer of almost pure sand may be used to modify a site completely when what is a potential problem? |
Compaction |
|
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To what depth should established turf areas be sampled? |
3 inches |
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Who many square feet are in an acre? |
43,560 |
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Well established lawns should be soil tested every how many years? |
2-3 |
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A soul bridge is used to measure soil...? |
Salinity (salt level) |
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What testing determines the nutrient content of grass clippings? |
Tissue testing |
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How many individual samples should a composite sample be composed of? |
12 |
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What should a soil sample not contain? |
Thatch and plant material |
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How are cation ratios used to develop fertility programs? |
They determine what's available to the plant |
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Why are nitrogen soil test results often unreliable? |
Changes rapidly |
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On the cation exchange sites, the ideal magnesium:potassium ratio is... |
2:1 |
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What can you fill trenches with to remove excess water from an area? |
Gravel |
|
|
What are seedlings sensitive to |
Herbicides |
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What is used to firm the seedbed? |
Roller |
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What is used widely as a mulching material? |
Wheat straw |
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To ensure successful establishment what is frequently required? |
Watering |
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Topsoil, sand, and gravel are sold by the by the cubic yard or |
Ton |
|
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What method of modification is highly effective but also extremely expensive? |
Completed modification |
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Plants are composed of 1.75 to 85 percent? |
Water |
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Cations have a positive sign |
K+ |
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Why does the available form of nitrogen readily leach from the soil? |
It's negatively charged |
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What is the soil solution? |
Water |
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Why is fertilizer burn similar to drought injury? |
Drys out the grass |
