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23 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What 2 tumors do NOT metastasize?
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"BG"
-basal cell carcinmoa -glioma |
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Describe the 4 steps in the metastatic cascade?
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1= Basement membrane invasion
2= movement through ECM 3= Vascular dissemination 4= Homing |
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What are the 4 steps that ECM invasion occurs in?
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1= detachment
2= BM and ECM degradation 3= Attachment to matrix component 4= Migration of tumor cells |
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What type of collagen does a tumor degrade in the basement membrane?
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Type IV collagen
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Tumor cell receptors attach to what in the ECM?
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fibronectin
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How can tumor cells form emboli (during vascular dissemination and homing)?
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-by aggregating and attaching to platelets and leukocytes
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Lymphatic spread is common in carcinomas, what are 3 exceptions?
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1= Follicular carcinoma (local invasion)
2= renal cell carcinoma (renal vein and then IVC) 3= hepato-cellular carcinoma (hematogenous spread via hepatic and portal veins) |
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Name 3 types of body cavity seedings?
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1= Peritoneal cavity (colorectal carcinoma)
2= pleural cavity (primary lung cancer) 3= Sub-arachnoid space (glioma) |
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What is a sentinel lymph node?
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-First LN or initial group of LN in a regional lymphatic basin that receives lymphatic drainage from tumors
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Bone metastasis
Brease vs Prostate cancer? |
= osteolytic (radiolucent loci) PGE2 and IL1 produced by tumor (hypercalcemia)
=Osteoblastic (radio-dense) inc serum alkaline phosphatase |
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what does bromodeoxy uridine uptake say about tumors?
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high uptake suggestive of high grade tumor; poor prognosis
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Tumor staging measures?
descrive the TNM system: |
-measures extent of disease
-tumor size -node -metastasis |
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What does tumor grading measure?
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degree of differentiation (histological appearance under a microscope)
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Duke staging
A= B= C= |
= tumor is confined
=tumor has spread through muscle layer but no LN involvement =any tumor involving LN |
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Prostate cancer
Order tumor marker? |
-prostate specific antigen (PSA)
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Trophoblastic tumors (Hydatidiform mole, chorio-carcinoma, embryonal carcinoma)
Order tumor marker? |
B-human chorionic gonadotropin (B-HCG)
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CA colon, pancreas, stomach, breast
Order tumor marker? |
Carcino-embryionic antigen (CEA)
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Ovarian carcinoma
Order tumor marker? |
CA-125
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Hepatocellular carcinoma, germ cell tumor of testes or ovary (yolk sac tumor)
Order tumor marker? |
a-fetoprotein (AFP)
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Small cell carcinoma of lung
Order tumor marker? |
Neuron specific enolase (NSE)
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Medullary carcinoma of thyroid
Order tumor marker? |
Calcitonin
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Colon cancer, pancreatic cancer
Order tumor marker? |
CA 19-9
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Breast carcinoma
Order tumor marker? |
CA 15-3
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