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22 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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how many mutations do cells need to become cancerous?
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4 to 7 in the cell cycle genes
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what is over expressed in melanomas?
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MART enzyme
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what are oncofetal antigens?
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proteins expressed during embryogenesis and repressed in normal cells
- ex. Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and alpha-fetoprotein |
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differentiation antigens?
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molecules present on cells since the differentiation phase from which the tumor developed
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what is the common acute lymphoblastic leukemia marker?
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CD-10 of pro-B cells
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which antigen rises in prostate cancer?
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prostate specific antigen (PSA)
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how can blood test results show leukemia?
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more than the normal 5-10% B cells
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how can Southern blot show leukemia?
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have a prominent band showing shorter than germ-line DNA
- shows that there are abundance of clones making the same Ig |
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how can electrophoresis show multiple myeloma?
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see a tall narrow spike signifying that only one Ig is overproduced
- normal - Ig spike is small and broad |
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what types of cancers are people with immunodef prone to?
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viruses - cervical cancer (HPV) and B cell lymphoma (EBV)
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what is the theory of immunosurveilance?
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immune systems T-cells can recognize and eliminate malignant cells and their clones before a tumor is large enough to become clinically relevant
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how does EBV infect B cells?
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by CD 21 (CR 2)
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what is the least effective method against tumors?
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Igs - cannot penetrate tissues
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Role of Igs in tumor elimination?
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tags the cells for ADCC by NKs, Macs and CTLs
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what can cytokines activate NK cells into?
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LAKs - lympho activated killer
- have more range and are better at killing tumor cells |
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what is the most important way cancer cells evade immune system?
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failure to express a co-stim molecule
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what are the immunosupressive antigens?
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Il 10, 27, TGF-B
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passive immunotherapy?
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giving preformed antibodies or cytokines
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active immunotherapy?
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required patient to mount an immune response
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what can you give a tumor cell to attract dendritic cells?
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plasmid encoding GM-CSF
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what can you give to treat breast cancer?
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monoclonal humanized mouse antibodies to Her2/Neu
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adoptive cellular immunotherapy?
when do you use it? |
takes T cells - expand them - put them back in
- to eliminate any cancerous cells remaining from chemo or surgery |
