Ts105 Quiz 1

Front 1

Absolute

Back 1

Moral norm that allows no exceptions; (sometimes means a universal norm)

Front 2

Deontological Ethics

Back 2

Any view that grounds ethical norms intrinsically; not by looking to results only; an ethic that sees ethical principles as matters of duty

Front 3

Descriptive Ethics

Back 3

The first level of ethical analysis; a statement of what people actually believe and practice that makes no claim about ethical normativeness.

Front 4

Descriptive Relativism

Back 4

The fact that different people and cultures have different moral values and practices

Front 5

Divine Command Theory

Back 5

View that God’s will grounds ethics; the same as ethical voluntarism

Front 6

Epistemology

Back 6

Investigation of the sources, methods, and stats of human knowledge claims

Front 7

Essentialism

Back 7

Ethical theory that grounds obligation in the nature of God rather than in the will of God; contrasted to voluntarism or divine command ethics

Front 8

Ethics

Back 8

Analysis of morality; includes descriptive, normative, and metaethical levels

Front 9

Metaethics

Back 9

Third level of ethical analysis that looks at the meaning of the ethical terms and the rules of ethical justification

Front 10

Morality

Back 10

Dimension of life related to right conduct, including virtuous character, honorable intentions, and right actions

Front 11

Normative Relativism

Back 11

View that what is right in one culture or for one person may not be right for another

Front 12

Ontology

Back 12

Study of the nature of being, what exists

Front 13

Positivism

Back 13

View that knowledge is limited to empirically observable facts and definitional statements; judges ethical claims as being meaningless.

Front 14

Prescriptive ethics

Back 14

Second level of ethical analysis that evaluates activities or virtues as being morally right or wrong; same as normative ethics and contrasted to descriptive ethics

Front 15

Principles

Back 15

Broad moral guidelines and precepts tat are more foundational and more general than rules.

Front 16

Relativism

Back 16

Stance that sees all ethical beliefs, norms, or methods depending on individual persons or cultures; a denial of absolutes

Front 17

Rules

Back 17

Concrete and specific directives for conduct that derive from principles

Front 18

Teleological ethics

Back 18

Any view that warrants ethical norms by looking to the nonmoral values the norms bring; a pragmatic ethic

Front 19

Universal

Back 19

An ethic norm that applies to all persons; sometimes called an absolute

Front 20

Utilitarianism

Back 20

Teleological ethic based on the principle of utility; one ought to act to maximize the greatest good for the greatest number

Front 21

Creation Ethic

Back 21

Theological approach to justifying ethics that stresses the similarities between Christian thought and the generic modes of thinking that God crated in all persons; contrasted with kingdom ethic

Front 22

Kingdom ethic

Back 22

Theological approach to justifying ethical claims that emphasizes the distinctive of Christian ethics and the centrality of biblical teaching; contrasts with creation ethic

Front 23

Modernism

Back 23

Western cultural mentality, associated with the Enlightenment but now gradually eroding, that stresses the supremacy and objectivity of human reason, the possibility of absolute knowledge, and the inevitability of progress; contrasts to postmodernism

Front 24

Natural Law Theory

Back 24

Thesis that knowledge of human nature provides a foundation for establishing and understanding moral values and obligations. For Christians, God created human life for certain purposes such that identifying these helps develop and justify a Christian ethic.

Front 25

Naturalistic Fallacy

Back 25

Inferring normative (prescriptive) conclusions from factual (descriptive) premises alone; deriving the ought entirely from the is

Front 26

Postmodernism

Back 26

Western cultural mentality that emphasizes the perspectival and limited character of human knowing; it justifies truth claims holistically (rather than individually) and pragmatically (rather than through correspondence); contrasts with modernism.

Front 27

Generalism

Back 27

Theory that considers some ethical norms binding in most situations; however, generalism allows that in certain cases all norms are subject to exceptions

Front 28

Graded Absolutism

Back 28

Theory maintaining that when two or more absolute ethical norms come into unavoidable conflict, the right and nonculpable course of action is to follow the higher norm.

Front 29

Moral Dilemma

Back 29

Situation in which there is a conflict between two or more ethical absolutes

Front 30

Norm

Back 30

General term indicating a rule, a guide to character and action

Front 31

Value

Back 31

In the moral sense, a quality (such as loyalty, truthfulness, or justice) that human beings esteem and toward which they direct their moral behavior.

Front 32

Contextualism

Back 32

Act-oriented view of ethics that stresses the role of unique contexts or situations in determining ethical decisions; often equated with situationism, but not all contexualtists identify with Fletcher’s situation ethics specifically because of its antinomian tendencies.

Front 33

Legalism

Back 33

Ethical systems, condemned in the Bible, the overemphasize law and develop detailed rules for many specific matters without regard for justice and mercy; legalism tends to universalize norms that are relevant in particular cultures only; contrasted with antinomianism.

Front 34

Principialism

Back 34

Ethical approach that applies broad, abstract moral guidelines (principles), in contextually sensitive ways, to general classes of cases

Front 35

Rule-orientation

Back 35

View of ethics that classes similar acts into groups and develops general norms to cover all instances in the category; contrasted with act-orientation

Front 36

Situationism

Back 36

act-oriented view of ethics; sees ethical analysis applying to individual cases; stresses personal responsibility for a decision in concrete moral contexts; sometimes also called contextualism

Front 37

Human Rights

Back 37

A concept with many possible meanings, but most commonly those basic prerogatives, powers, and expectations of all people by virtue of their being human beings in a society

Front 38

Justice

Back 38

A trait of individuals or societies that seeks to achieve and enforce impartially those conditions that foster human flourishing, by rendering to each person what is due him or her

Front 39

Love

Back 39

The supreme virtue, rational, emotional, and volitional, that seeks the highest good of others through self-giving relationships with them

Front 40

Natural Law

Back 40

A cluster of ethical theories based on the idea that absolute and universal moral values and obligations can be determined by reflection on human nature and conduct; these principles of obligation are believed to be built into the constitution of all human beings

Front 41

Retributive Justice

Back 41

The lawful and fair punishment of criminals by society

Front 42

Restorative Justice

Back 42

requires at minimum, that we address victims’ harms and needs, hold offenders accountable to put right those harms, and involve victims, offenders, and communities in this process

Front 43

Three Pillars Of Restorative Justice

Back 43

Harms and needs - Obligations - Engagement

Front 44

Distributive Justice

Back 44

The fair allocation of societal goods and benefits (such as natural resources) and societal burdens (such as taxation) among individuals and social groups