Trizna - Unit 2 (1787 - 1824)

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GREAT COMPROMISE (1787)

Back 1

• Combined New Jersey Plan (small states) and Virginia Plan (large states)
• Resulted in the creation of a bicameral legislature.

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3/5 COMPROMISE

Back 2

• Compromise made at the Constitutional Convention that counted slaves as 3/5 of a person (in relation to representation in the national government)

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NORTHWEST ORDINANCE (1787)

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• Organized new territory in the Ohio River Valley - developed process for territories to become states; banned slavery in these territories
• Developed under the Articles of Confederation
  

Front 4

ELECTORAL COLLEGE

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• Process used to elect the president (not directly by the people/popular vote)
• Critics argued that this process was undemocratic

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ANTI-FEDERALISTS

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• Opposed ratifying the Constitution until assured a Bill of Rights would be added to protect individual liberties
• Led by Jefferson

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FEDERALISTS

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• Favored a strong national government
• Federalist Papers published to encourage ratification of the Constitution

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CHECKS AND BALANCES

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Constitutional principle that allows each of the three branches of government to check one another (meant to control abuses of power)

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HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES

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• Most democratic feature of the Constitution

• House of Representatives elected by direct election of the people (Democratic Republic)

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POWERS OF THE LEGISLATIVE BRANCH

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• Congress - House of Reps, Senate
• Approves Amendments
• Levy and collect taxes
• Write, vote on laws
• Approve treaties/Supreme Court Appointments

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POWERS OF THE EXECUTIVE BRANCH

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• President of the United States
• Signs or vetoes laws passed by Congress
• Commander in Chief
• Meets with his cabinet (unwritten power)

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POWERS OF THE JUDICIAL BRANCH

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• Federal Courts and Supreme Court
• Determines if laws are constitutional or unconstitutional
• Judicial review

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FEDERALISM

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Governing power is split between national, state, and local governments

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ELASTIC CLAUSE (NECESSARY AND PROPER CLAUSE)

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Clause in the Constitution that gives Congress the general power to "make all laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into execution the foregoing powers."

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BILL OF RIGHTS

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First 10 Amendments to the U.S. Constitution. The main purpose is to protect civil liberties (freedom of speech, freedom to assemble, etc.)

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FIRST NATIONAL BANK CREATION

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• Alexander Hamilton called for the creation of a National Bank to stabilize the U.S. economy.
• Caused significant debate between strict constructionists, who argued this was not in the Constitution and loose constructionists, who argued this was permitted through the elastic clause.

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WHISKEY REBELLION

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• Rebellion against excise tax on whiskey. The federal government was able to put down the rebellion (unlike Shays' Rebellion).
• This demonstrated the strength of the new government under the Constitution.
  

Front 17

WASHINGTON PROCLAMATION OF NEUTRALITY (1793)

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• George Washington expressed the U.S. outline of neutrality during the French Revolution.
• Set the precedent of U.S. neutrality for decades to come.

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WASHINGTON'S FAREWELL ADDRESS (1796)

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Fearing involvement with the political disputes of Europe, Washington emphasized neutrality in his Farewell Address

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LOUISIANA PURCHASE (1803)

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• Jefferson purchased 828,000 square miles of land from Napoleon (France) for $15 million
• This was not in line with his strict interpretation of the Constitution
• Significant to future American expansion
• Reason: Gain full control of New Orleans port and the Mississippi River for trading purposes

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UNWRITTEN CONSTITUTION

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Actions of the president that are not expressly enumerated in the Constitution (e.g. calling a cabinet meeting)

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LEWIS & CLARK

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• Sent to explore the previously purchased Louisiana territory by Jefferson
• Used rivers to help guide their journey
• Significance: Increased understanding of the Louisiana territory.

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MONROE DOCTRINE (1823)

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Foreign policy intended to limit European influence in the Western Hemisphere; warned Europe against further colonization in Latin America

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MARBURY V. MADISON (1803)

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• Set the precedent for judicial review - laws can be declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court (giving the judicial branch the most power)

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SUPREME COURT CHIEF JUSTICE JOHN MARSHALL

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His decisions as Chief Justice of the Supreme Court helped to expand the power of the federal government