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15 Cards in this Set

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What is the Phylum, Class, Order, and Family name for the genus Trichomonas
Phylum: Parabasalae
Class: Trichomonada
Order: Trichomonadida
Family: Trichomonadidae
What are the species of the genus Trichomonas
Trichomonas tenax
Trichomonas vaginalsi
Trichomonas gallinae
Trichomonas foetus
What are the characteristic morphology of the genus Trichomonas
- prominant parabasal bodies
- jerky movements
- hydrogenosomes
- axostyle
- costa
What is Trichomonas tenax
A commensal that lives in the mouth. Common in human populations, not related to oral hygiene, and transmitted through kissing and sharing eating utensils.
What is Trichomonas vaginalis
A parasite of the urogenital tracts in males and females. Uses pseudopodia, its arrangement of hydrogenosomes are concentrated around the axostyle, and is transmitted by direct contact.
What are the symptoms of T. vaginalis infection
- Vaginal epithelium destruction

- Intense inflammation: leukocyte infiltration

- Greenish and whitish vaginal discharge

- Men: urethritis, prostatitis.
What are the proteins and receptors involved in ligand-receptor interaction with T. vaginalis
Adhesion proteins:
- AP65, AP51, AP33, AP23, and laminin-binding proteins

Receptors:
- Laminin (glycoprotein) and fibronectin (glycoprotein)
What are the T. vaginalis immune evasion methods
- Phenotypic variation
- Avoids Complement lysis
- T. vaginalis RNA Virus
What is the Metronidazole mechanism of action
Pyruvate from cytoplasm enters the hydrogenosome.
A carbon is removed from pyruvate (produces CO2), an electron from pyruvate is transferred to ferrodoxin (PFOR- pyruvate-ferrodoxin oxidoreductase).
Produces acetate & ATP. Metronidazole accepts an electron from ferrodoxin ⇒ Reduces Metronidazole producing a toxic radical
What is Pentatrichomonas hominis
Commensal of humans, occupies large Intestines and cecum (Survive stomach acid), feed on bacteria, and are transmitted by fecal-oral contamination.

No hydrogenosomes around axostyle, but present around costa, and have 5 anterior flagella.
What is Trichomonas foetus
A parasite of cattle, zebu, and pigs causing Bovine Genital Trichomoniasis.

- Has 3 anterior flagella and 1 recurrent flagella
- Paraxostylar hydrogenosomes in posterior end
What are the morphological characteristics of the Family Monocercomonadidae
- Pseudopodia, no undulating membrane, reduced flagella
- Pleiomorphic: change shape in response to environmental factors.
- Do not form cysts
What is Histomonas meleagridis
Parasite of chicken and turkeys, causes the disease: Blackhead/ histomoniasis/ enterohepatitis.

- No mitochondria, vesicular nucleus.
- Divide by binary fission and have no sexual stage.
- Trophozopites do not survive outside the host.
What is the vector of Histomonas meleagridis and how the is parasite transmitted
Nematode, Heterakis gallinarum: intermediate host
- H. melaegridis enter intestinal cells, invade ovary, released in environment in nematode eggs

Earthworm: paratenic host
- eat infected nematode eggs

Turkeys feed on infected earthworms or eggs, or cloacal drinking.
What are the symptoms of Histomonas meleagridis
Symptoms include droopiness, ruffled feathers, hanging wings and tails.

- Skin turns black, dark skin pigmentation (head).
- Inflammation of cecum and liver leads to foul smelling plugs.
- Peritonitis, intestinal perforations, necrosis, diarrhea.