Treatment Vocab V1

Front 1

aquifer

Back 1

natural underground layer of porous, water-bearing materials usually capable of yielding large amount or supply of water

Front 2

contamination

Back 2

introduction into water of microorganisms, chemicals, toxic substances, wastes, or wastewater in a concentration that makes water unfit for its next intended use

Front 3

cross connection

Back 3

connection between drinking(potable) water system and an 'unapproved' water supply. Mixing lead to contamination of drinking water. (huge in industry)

Front 4

detention time

Back 4

1. calculated time required small amount water to pass through tank at a given rate

2. DT, hr = [(BASIN vol., gal)(24 hr/day)] / FLOW, gal/day

Front 5

drawdown

Back 5

1. drop in water table or level of water in ground when being pumped from well

2. amount of water used from a tank or reservoir

3. drop in the water level of a tank or reservoir

Front 6

evaporation

Back 6

liquid becomes gas

Front 7

hydrologic cycle

Back 7

evap water into rain, precipitation, (including) transpiration plants, groundwater movement, and runoff into rivers, streams, and ocean.

AKA WATER CYCLE

Front 8

infiltration

Back 8

seepage groundwater into sewer system, (including) service connections

Front 9

microorganisms

Back 9

organisms seen with aid of microscope

Front 10

nonpotable

Back 10

water containing pollution, contamination, minerals, or infective agents that results in UNSAFE water for DRINKING

Front 11

palatable

Back 11

water that is pleasant to the senses.

Front 12

pathogenic

Back 12

bacteria, viruses, cysts capable of causing diseases.

Front 13

raw water

Back 13

1. water in natural state, PRIOR TO TREATMENT

2. water entering into first treatment process(treatment plant)

Front 14

SDWA

safe drinking water act

Back 14

1. act passed by Congress in 1974

2. established cooperative program among local, state, federal agencies

3. amended 1980, 1986, 1996

Front 15

sewage

Back 15

wastewater

Front 16

transpiration

Back 16

water vapor released to atmosphere by living plants

Front 17

THMs

trihalomethanes

Back 17

1. methane(CH4), 3 halogen atoms (chlorine and bromine) sub'd for 3 hydrogen atoms.

2. formed during chlorination by reactions w/ natural organic materials in water

3. suspected cause cancer

Front 18

turbidity

Back 18

cloudy appearance

Front 19

TU

turbidity

Back 19

1. nephelometric test

2. nephelometric turbidity units (NTU)

Front 20

water cycle

Back 20

see hydrologic cycle

Front 21

acre-foot

Back 21

43,560 cubic feet (1,233.5 cubic meters)

Front 22

aerobic

Back 22

oxygen present in water environment

Front 23

anaerobic

Back 23

oxygen is NOT present in water environment

Front 24

anion

Back 24

1. negatively charged ion in an electrolyte solution, attracted to the anode under the influence of a difference in electrical potential.

2. Chloride ion is an anion

Front 25

BOD

biochemical oxygen demand

Back 25

rate at which organisms use the oxygen in water while stabilizing decomposable organic matter under AEROBIC CONDITIONS.

Front 26

cathodic protection

Back 26

electrical system for prevention of rust, corrosion, and pitting of metal surfaces which are in contact with water or soil.

Front 27

coliform

Back 27

group of bacteria found in intestines of warm-blooded animals and also in plants, soil, air and water.

2. presence is INDICATOR of pollution and may contain pathogenic(disease causing) organisms

Front 28

complete treatment

Back 28

method of treating water with coagulation chemicals, flash mixing, coagulation-flocculation, SEDIMENTATION, and filtration

Front 29

conductivity

Back 29

measure of ability to carry an electric current

Front 30

density

Back 30

1. measure HEAVINESS of substance

2. DENSITY = weight per unit of volume (g/cubic cm) (lb./cubic ft.)

2. density of water (4c/39f) = 1.0 gram per cubic cm or about 62.4 pounds per cubic ft.

Front 31

direct filtration

Back 31

method of treatment with MINIMAL FLOCCULATION and WITHOUT SEDIMENTATION.

Front 32

epilimnion

Back 32

upper layer of water in stratified lake or reservoir

warmest

fairly constant temp

readily mixed by wind action

Front 33

eutrophic

Back 33

reservoirs or lakes rich in nutrients and very productive of aquatic animal and plant life

Front 34

evapotranspiration

Back 34

transpiration of plants

Front 35

flushing

Back 35

method to clean water distribution lines with high velocity flows

(5 cubic feet/second)

Front 36

head

Back 36

vertical distance(feet) equal to the pressure(psi) at a specific point.

HEAD = PSI X 2.31 ft/psi

Front 37

hypolimnion

Back 37

lowest layer in stratified lake or reservoir.

colder

more dense

constant temp

no mix

Front 38

inorganic

Back 38

material such as sand, salt, iron, calcium salts, and other mineral materials.

Of mineral origin.

NOT OF ANIMAL/PLANT ORIGIN

Front 39

metalimnion

Back 39

middle layer of stratified lake or reservoir.

rapid decrease temp with depth

AKA THERMOCLINE

Front 40

mg/L

milligrams per liter

Back 40

measure of concentration by weight of a substance per unit volume.

Front 41

monomictic

Back 41

lakes/reservoirs which are deep, DO NOT FREEZE DURING WINTER MONTHS, and undergo single stratification and mixing cycle during year.

usually destratified in the fall

Front 42

Oligotrophic

Back 42

nutrient poor/contain little aquatic plant or animal life

Front 43

organic

Back 43

animal or plant sources, always contain CARBON

Front 44

overturn

Back 44

spontaneous mixing of all layers/TURNOVER

Front 45

pH

Back 45

intensity of basic or acidic condition

Front 46

potable

Back 46

water does not contain pollution, contamination, minerals, infective agents/ SATISFACTORY

Front 47

precursor, THM

Back 47

natural organic compounds found in all surface and groundwaters. Must be present in order for THMs to form

Front 48

reagent

Back 48

pure chemical substance to measure, detect, or examine other substances

Front 49

septic

Back 49

a condition produced by bacteria when all oxygen supplies are depleted

Front 50

stratification

Back 50

formation of separate layers/THERMAL STRATIFICATION

Front 51

thermal stratification

Back 51

formation of layers of different temperatures

Front 52

trihalomethanes

Back 52

often formed during chlorination by reactions with natural organic materials in the water

Front 53

anionic polymer

Back 53

polymer w negatively charged groups of ions

Front 54

coagulants

Back 54

chemicals causing fine particles to clump/FLOC together in larger particles

Front 55

floc

Back 55

clumps of bacteria and particulate impurities that have come together and formed a cluster

Front 56

flocculation

Back 56

gathering together of fine particles by process of gentle mixing// SLOW MIXING REQUIRED

Front 57

weir

Back 57

GATE/wall or obstruction used to control flow to ensure uniform flow rate, also used to measure depth or flow in a channel

Front 58

clarifier

Back 58

large circular basin/tank hold water long period of time, heavier material settle to bottom/ SETTLING BASIN and SEDIMENTATION BASIN

Front 59

detention time

Back 59

[(basin volume, gal)(24 hr/day)] / flow, gal/day = theoretical time required water to pass through tank at given rate

Front 60

direct filtration

Back 60

method of treating water. flocculation may be omitted. NO SEDIMENTATION

Front 61

effluent

Back 61

RAW water flowing FROM resevoir, basin, treatment process/plant. OUTBOUND WATER

Front 62

influent

Back 62

RAW water flowing INTO resevoir, basin, treatment process/plant. INBOUND WATER

Front 63

overflow rate

Back 63

(flow, gal/day) / (surface area, sq ft) = SURFACE LOADING, determine if tanks/clarifies are hydraulically over/under loaded

Front 64

sedimentation

Back 64

solid particles settling out

Front 65

septic

Back 65

oxygen supplies are depleted

Front 66

surface loading

Back 66

see OVERFLOW RATE

Front 67

turbidity units(TU)

Back 67

nephelometric turbidity units (NTU), measurement related to cloudiness of water

Front 68

activated carbon

Back 68

taste and odor, high heat capacity adsorptive particles or granules of carbon

Front 69

air binding

Back 69

clogging of a filter, pipe or pump due to the presence of air released from water

Front 70

backwashing

Back 70

process of reversing the flow of water back through the filter media

Front 71

breakthrough

Back 71

a crack or break in a filter bed allowing passage of floc or particulate matter through filter

Front 72

garnet

Back 72

group of hard, reddish, glassy, mineral sands made up of silicate of base metals

Front 73

bacteria

Back 73

living organisms, usually consisting of single cell

Front 74

breakpoint chlorination

Back 74

addition of chlorine to water until the chlorine demand has been satisfied. at this point, further additions of chlorine will result in a free chlorine residual that is directly proportional to the amount of chlorine added beyond the breakpoint

Front 75

carcinogen

Back 75

any substance which tends to produce cancer in an organism

Front 76

chloramination

Back 76

application of chlorine and ammonia to water to form chloramines for the purpose of disinfection

Front 77

chloramines

Back 77

compounds formed by the reaction of hypochlorous acid(or aqueous chlorine) with ammonia

Front 78

chlorination

Back 78

application of chlorine to water for the purpose of disinfection

Front 79

chlorine demand

Back 79

chlorine demand, mg/L = Chlorine Applied(DOSAGE), mg/L minus Chlorine Residual(FREE CHLORINE)... demand changes with dosage, time, temperature, pH, and nature and amount of impurities in water

Front 80

chlorine residual

Back 80

concentration of chlorine present in water after the chlorine demand has been satisfied. Concentration expressed in terms of the total chlorine residual, including both FREE and COMBINED chlorine residuals

Front 81

coliform

Back 81

group of bacteria found in intestines of WARMBLOODED animals and also in plants, soil, air and water.
FECAL COLIFORMS are a specific class of bacteria which only inhabit animals. An indicator of pollution and possibly pathogenic organisms

Front 82

DPD

Back 82

method of measuring the chlorine residual in water. May be determined by either titrating or comparing a developed color with color standards.N1 N-diethyl-p-phenylene-diamine

Front 83

disinfection

Back 83

process designed to kill or inactivate most microorganisms in water, including all pathogenic bacteria. VS STERILIZATION, which kills ALL MICROORGANISMS

Front 84

free available residual chlorine

Back 84

portion of total available residual chlorine composed of dissolved chlorine gas, hypochlorous acid, and/or hypochlorite ion remaining after chlorination. DOES NOT INCLUDE chlorine that has combined with ammonia, nitrogen, or other compounds

Front 85

HTH

Back 85

high test hypochlorite, calcium hypochlorite

Front 86

palatable

Back 86

water that is free of objectionable tastes, odors, colors, and turbidity. pleasing to the senses

Front 87

pathogenic organisms

Back 87

organisms, including bacteria, viruses or cysts, capable of causing disease. giardiasis, cryptosporidiosis, typhoid, cholera, dysentery

Front 88

postchlorination

Back 88

addition of chlorine to the treatment plant effluent, FOLLOWING plant treatment for disinfection purposes

Front 89

residual chlorine

Back 89

concentration of chlorine after chlorine demand has been satisfied. expressed in terms of total chlorine residual including BOTH the FREE and COMBINED chlorine residuals

Front 90

alkalinity

Back 90

capacity of water to neutralize acids

Front 91

anion

Back 91

negatively charged ion in an electrolytic system, attracted to the anode under the influence of a difference in electrical potential

Front 92

anode

Back 92

positive pole or electrode of an electrolytic system, such as a batter. Attracts negatively charged particles or anions.

Front 93

buffer capacity

Back 93

a measure of the capacity of a solution or liquid to neutralize acids or bases.

Front 94

calcium carbonate equivalent

Back 94

an expression of the concentration of the specified constituents in water in terms of their equivalent value to calcium carbonate.

Front 95

cathode

Back 95

the negative pole or electrode of an electrolytic cell or system. Attracts positively charged particles or CATIONS.

Front 96

corrosion inhibitors

Back 96

substances that slow the rate of corrosion

Front 97

coupon

Back 97

a steel specimen inserted into water to measure the corrosiveness of water. Rate of corrosion is measured as the loss of weight of the coupon(mg) per surface area (sq decimeters) exposed to water per day. 6 MONTHS, YEAR, YEARS//PERIOD OF TIME

Front 98

galvanic series

Back 98

list of metals and alloys presented in the order of their tendency to corrode.

Front 99

hardness, water

Back 99

characteristic of water caused mainly by the salts of calcium and magnesium. Causes formation of soap curds, damage in some industrial processes, and objectionable tastes in drinking water.

Front 100

langelier index (L.I.)

Back 100

index reflecting the equilibrium pH of a water with respect to calcium and alkalinity.

Front 101

NPDES permit

Back 101

national pollutant discharge elimination system permit. document issued by federal or state agency to control all discharges of potential pollutants from point sources and storm water runoff into US waterways.

Front 102

oxidizing agent

Back 102

substance that will readily add electron. Opposite is reducing agent.

Front 103

stray current corrosion

Back 103

corrosion activity from stray electric current originating from source outside plumbing system such as DC grounding on phone systems.

Front 104

tubercle

Back 104

protective crust of corrosion products(rust) which builds up over a pit(in/on pipe). pulling iron from pripe = rust.

Front 105

tuberculation

Back 105

development/formation of small mounds of corrosion products(rust) on the inside of iron pipe.