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76 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is a substance that is produced by microorganisms that in small amounts inhibits another microbe?
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antibiotic
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What is the term that describes antibiotics and synthetic agents?
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Antimicrobials
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What term describes the property of an antimicrobial to kill the harmful microorganism without damaging the host?
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selective toxicity
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Antimicrobials, antibacterials (and antimycobacterials), antifungals, antivirals, antiparasitics are described as what?
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anti-infectives
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What term describes a substance that kills or inhibits the growth of microbes such as bacteria, fungi, or viruses?
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antimicrobials
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What term describes the lowest antibiotic concentration that prevents visible bacterial growth?
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MIC (minimum inhibitory concentration)
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What term describes the concentration of antibiotic that kills the bacteria?
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MBC (Minimum Bactericidal Concentration)
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Alteration of the drug's target sites, decreased influx of the drug, increased efflux of the drug, destruction/inactivation of the drug are all examples of what?
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mechanisms of resistance
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What are the 4 major mechanism of antibacterials?
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Cell wall synthesis inhibitors, protein synthesis inhibitors, inhibitors of DNA/RNA synthesis, folic acid synthesis inhibitors
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Penicillins, cephalosporins, carbapenems, and monobactams are examples of what type of antibacterials?
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Cell wall synthesis inhibitors
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What are the two alternating disaccharides that form the backbones of peptidoglycan cell wall?
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NAGs and NAMs
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How are NAGs and NAMs connected?
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By their amino acid side chains
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The cross linkage of NAG and NAM is catalyzed by what enzyme?
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Transpeptidase / penicillin-binding-protein
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What does penicillin bind?
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Transpeptidase
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In what life stage must bacterial cell be in for cell wall synethesis inhibitors to be effective?
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Growing/dividing
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Penicillins all have what kind of ring?
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B-lactam ring
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What are the mechanisms of resistance to penicillins?
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Alterations in the PBP thru genetic mutation, alteration in porin proteins (gram negative only), pumping drugs out of the cell, producing B-lactamase (penicillinase) to cleave the B-lactam ring
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What route of administration is Penicillin G?
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IV or IM
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What route of administration is Penicillin V?
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Oral (on empty stomach)
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What drug is based of a penicillin made by a mold that has a part added synthetically to achieve a broader spectrum?
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Aminopenicllins
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How do penicillinase-resistant penicillins avoid being inactivated by bacterial B-lactamases?
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they contain side groups that protect them from being inactivated by bacterial b-lactamases
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What is another name for antipsudomonal penicillins?
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Extended spectrum penicillins
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Clavulanic acid, sulbactam, tazobactam are examples of what type of antibacterials?
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Irreversible inhibitors of b-lactamase
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What are the two drugs in Augmentin?
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Amox +clav
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What is the mechanism of action for cephalosporins?
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same as penicilin (cell wall synthesis inhibitors & have b-lactam ring)
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How are carbapenems different than penicillins and cephalosporins?
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Resistant to b-lactamases
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How are monobactams different than most other b-lactams?
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Have a single ring rather than a double ring and thus relatively resistant to b-lactamases
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What organisms are monobactams affective against?
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Gram negative (e coli & pseudomonoas)
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Bacitracin is useful against staph and strep and is used in OTC topical triple antibiotic ointments. What type of antibiotic is bacitracin?
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Polypeptide antibiotic
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Vancomycin is a narrow spectrum antibiotic used against gram positive microbes. What type of antibiotic is vancomycin?
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Glycopeptide antibiotic
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What types of toxicities can vancomycin cause?
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ototoxicity and nephrotoxicity. also can cause red man syndrome
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What is daptomycin (cubicin) affective against?
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gram pos only
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What is the mechanism of action of aminoglycosides?
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bind the 30s ribosomal subunit (usually used in gram neg)
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What are the toxicities of aminoglycosides?
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oto & nephro
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Gentamycin, streptomycin, tobramycin, and neomycin are all example of what class of antibacterials?
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Aminoglycosides
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What is the mechanism of action for tetracyclines?
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Inhibit protein synthesis through binding to the 30s ribosomal subunit (bacteriostatic)
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What is the spectrum for tetracyclines?
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Broad (both gram pos and neg)
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Who should avoid tetracycline?
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pregnant women and children of less than 8 yr. forms complexes with calcium in developing teeth and bone
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What is the mechanism of action for chloramphenical?
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Binds to the 50s ribosomal subunit to prevent peptide elongation
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What are the toxicities of chloramphenical?
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aplastic anemia, gray baby or gray adult syndrome
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What is the mechanism of action of lincosamides?
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Bind to the 50s ribosomal subunit. Ex clindamycin,broad spectrum
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What is the mechanism of action of macrolides?
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Bind to the 50s ribosomal subunit. Broad spectrum.
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What macrolides are good for treating intracellular pathogens?
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Azithromycin and clarithromycin
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What macrolide is used to treat staph and strep in children?
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Erythromycin
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What macrolide is used to treat h pylori?
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Clarithromycin
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What is the mechanism of action of ketolides?
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Bind the 50s ribosomal subunit in two locations and thus is more resistant to microbes than other similar 50s binding drugs
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What is the mechanism of action of oxazolidinones?
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Binds 50s ribosomal subunit
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What is the mechanism of action of streptogramins?
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Bind 50s subunit
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What is the mechanism of action for fluoroquinolones?
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Inhibit DNA gyrase and topoisomerase. Ciprofloxacin & Norfloxacin
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What is the mechanism of action of sulfonamides?
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Compete with PABA (p-aminobenzoic acid) at first step of folic acid synthesis
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Sulfamethozazole and silver sulfadiazine are examples of which class of antibacterials?
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Sulfonamides (folic acid synthesis inhibitors) (broad spectrum)
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What are the two drugs in bactrim?
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Sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim; used for uti, pneumocyctis, pneumonia
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What is the mechanism of action of trimethoprim?
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Inhibits the synthesis of tetrahydrofilic acid - a late step in the folic acid synthesis pathway
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What is the mechanism of action of isoniazid? What is the drug used to primarily treat?
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Inhibits synthesis of mycolic acids. Treats TB
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What is the mechanism of action of Rifampin? What does the drug treat
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Inhibits RNA polymerase. Used to treat TB and other gram neg or pos infections
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What is the mechanism of action of ethambutol?
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Inhibits incorporation of mycolic acid into cell wall.
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What are the 3 genera of fungi that cause cutaneous mycoses?
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Trichophyton, microsporum, and epidermophyton
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What is the treatments for cutaneous mycoses?
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miconazole, clotrimazole, allylamines
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What is the treatment for cutaneous mycoses if the hair is involved?
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griseofulvin
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What is the analogous sterol in fungi to the human cholesterol molecule?
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ergosterol; used in fungi membrane
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When is Amphotericin B used?
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Systemic fungal infections; nephrotoxicity limits use
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What antifungal can be used in systemic infections and can be used to cross the blood brain barrier to treat apergillosis of CNS?
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Voriconazole
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What is the mechanism of action of caspofungin? What does it treat?
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Inhibits biosynthesis of b-glucan (unique to fungal cell walls). Could treat systemic aspergillosis, candidiasis, pneumocystis, and pneumonia (from fungal infection)
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What is the mechanism of action of griseofulvin? What does it treat?
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Binds to keratin in skin, hair, and nails. Blocks fungal microtubule assembly (interferes with mitosis). Is used to treat superficial dermatomycoses
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What are chloraquine and mefloquine used to treat?
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Malaria (protozoan disease)
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What drug is used to treat protozoans like Trichomonas vaginalis, giardiasis, amebic dysentery? Also treats Clostridium (bacteria)
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Metronidazole (flagyl)
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What is the mechanism of action of flagyl?
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Interferes with anaerobic metabolism
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What is the mechanism of action of praziquantel? What does the drug treat?
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alters permeability of the membrane. Treats tapeworms
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What is the mechanism of action of mebendazole? What does it treat?
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blocks assembly of tubulin (disrupts mitosis). Treats nematodes (ascariasis)
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What is the mechanism of action of ivermectin? What does it treat?
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Causes tonic paralysis. Treats worms, scabies, ticks, headlice
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What is the mechanism of action of permethrin? what does it treat?
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Keeps sodium channels open for prolonged periods which leads to paralysis. Treats headlice
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What is the mechanism of action of docosanol? What does it treat?
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interfers with viral penetration. Treats cold sores (topical otc med)
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What is the mechanism of action of action for amantidine and rimantidine? What does it treat?
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Inhibits viral uncoating. Treats influenze
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What is the mechanism of action of acyclovir? What does it treat?
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Acts as nonfuctional analogs of DNA/RNA nucleotides. Treats herpes infections
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What is the mechanism of action of ribavirin? What does it treat>
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Inhibits RNA polymerase of viruses. Treats influenza, RSV, and hep C
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What is the mechanism of action of Zanamivir or oseltamivir? What does it treat?
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Blocks the activity of neuraminidase by binding sialic acid to prevent viral budding from infected cells. Treats influenza
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